In 2014, China has continued the implementation of National Exploration and Development Planning and achieved outstanding progress in geological prospecting, and it is the reserves & resources of major mineral resources that increased obviously. There is a sustainable growth in the production and import of major mineral products as well as a further improvement in the supplying capacity. Efforts have been made to promote the survey and evaluation of geology and mineral resources, and better social services. To facilitate the construction of ecological civilization, China has paid more attention to enhance the environmental recovery of mines, and over 25% of the land damaged by mining development has been reclaimed.

The purpose of this book is to evaluate the history and characteristics of chromium(VI) in the environment, in industry, and in society. The book was created by the Independent Environmental Technical Evaluation Group (IETEG), a volunteer research organization located in Northern California. It was created in 1997 to present objective scientific and engineering information about controversial environmental issues as a foundation for rational discussion and policy development. The IETEG’s first project was MTBE: Effects on Soil and Groundwater Resources (CRC Press, 2000).

The CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (CIM Definition Standards) establish definitions and guidance on the definitions for Mineral Resources, Mineral Reserves, and mining studies used in Canada. The Mineral Resource, Mineral Reserve, and mining study definitions are incorporated, by reference, into National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101). The CIM Definition Standards can be viewed at mrmr.cim.org.

Dedication to John Charles Hazzard

Foreword. By Michel T. Halbouty, John C. Maher, and Harold M. Lian

Introduction. By Michel T. Halbouty, John C. Maher, and Harold M. Lian

GENERAL

Importance of Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources to World. By Rogers С. B. Morton

The Macroproblem of Modernization. By Harlan Cleveland

Boundaries of Seabed Jurisdiction off Pacific Coast of Asia. By Northcutt Ely and Robert F. Pietrowski, Jr

Mineral Trade in Circum-Pacific Region—Summary. By Thomas A. Henrie

Economics of Energy and Mineral Resources—Summary. By Arthur J. Zraly

Latin America’s Outlook Toward Energy Resources-Summary. By M. F. Baca . . .

Marine Environment in Australia: Two Studies—Summary. By Robert J. Foster. . .

Tectonic Framework of Pacific Region. By J. D. Moody, R. W. Esser, and D. A. Holmgren

Geologic Map of Pacific Mobile Belt and Pacific Ocean: General Principles and Compilation Methods—Summary. By L. I. Krasny and P. L. Bezrukov

Geologic History and Paleozoogeography of Pacific Ocean—Summary. By К. M. Khudoley, M. A. Rzhonsnitskaya, and О. I. Nikiforova

Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources of Circum-Pacific Region. By Peter A.

Rona and Lawrence D. Neuman

Geologic-Structural Synthesis of Pacific Area as Basis for Establishing Regularities of Distribution of Mineral Resources-Summary. By Yu. M. Pushcharovsky,

P. L. Bezrukov, Yu. K. Burlin, L. I. Krasny, and B. A. Sokolov

Structural-Formation Analysis of Northwestern Part of Pacific Mobile Belt, USSR. By V. V. Russ and D. A. Kirikov

Tectonics of Continental and Oceanic Structures of North Pacific Mobile Belt-Summary. By B. Kh. Egiazarov, В. V. Ermakov, L. I. Anikeyeva, T. N. Kopylova, S. I. Andreyev, M. I. Itsiksen, and V. I. Berger

Surveying Earth and Its Environment from Space. By IV. A. Fischer, Prayong Angsuwathana, IV. D. Carter, Kazuo Hoshino, E. H. Lathram, N. R. Albert, and Ernest I. Rich

Solar Desalination Experience of University of Arizona—Summary. By Carl N. Hodges and Wayne L. Collins

Antarctica: an Unprospected, Unexploited Continent —Summary. By F. Alton Wade

COAL

Status of Coal Exploration and Mine Development in Australia. By E. N. Milligan. .

Coal Resources and Potential in Indonesia-Summary. By Mangara Simanjuntak and Soelistiyo U. Wijaya

Coal Resources of Taiwan—Summary. By Patzen Wu

Paleozoic and Mesozoic Coal in Republic of Korea. By Bong Kyun Kim

Influence of Temperature on Coalification of Tertiary Coal in Japan-Summary. By Toshio Shimoyama and Azuma Iijima

Coal Resources of Alaska —Summary. By George Gryc and E. H. Cobb Coal Resources of Canadian Cordillera —Summary. By B. A. Latour GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Prospects Around the Pacific. By James Healy Environmental Effects of Geothermal Energy Development-Summary. By Richard G. Bowen Magma Tap: the Ultimate Geothermal Energy Program-Summary. By John L. Colp Geothermal Energy in New Zealand—Summary. By James Healy and Russell JamesPossible Energy Sources in Indonesian Volcanic Areas—Summary. By DjayadiHadikusumo, L. Pardyanto, and M. Alzwar Geothermal Exploration and Development in the Philippines—Summary. ByArturo Alcaraz Origin and Potential of Some Geothermal Areas in Taiwan-Summary. By Weng-Tse Cheng and Yung-Juh Wu Geothermal Resources and Energy in Japan Estimated from Geophysical Data— Summary. By Masami Hayakawa and Kenzo Baba Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Geothermal Resources in Japan-Summary. By Hisayoshi Nakamura, Kiyoshi Sumi, and Takejiro Ozawa Potential for Geothermal-Energy Development in Alaska—Summary. By Thomas P. Miller and Ivan Barnes Deep Research Drillhole at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii—Summary. By George V.Keller, John C. Murray, Charles J. Zablocki, Robert I. Tilling, Donald W. Peterson, and Robert L. Christiansen Geothermal Potential of Western United States—Summary. By John E. Kilkenny . .Geothermal Potential of Mexico. By Alfredo Mahon Mercado Exploration for Geothermal Energy in Nicaragua—Summary. By John B. Thigpen . Geothermal Exploration in Northern Chile —Summary. By Alfredo Lahsen HYDROCARBONSOil- and Gas-Bearing Basins of Circum-Pacific Belt—Summary. By Yu. K. Burlin,Yu. M. Pushcharovsky, and B. A. Sokolov Plate Tectonics in Petroleum Exploration of Convergent Continental Margins. By Thomas L. Thompson Some Shallow Tectonic Consequences of Subduction and Their Meaning to the Hydrocarbon Explorationist. By Peter A. Montecchi Overview of Exploration Geophysics: Recent Breakthroughs and Challenging New Problems. By B. S. Flowers Kapuni and Maui Gas-Condensate Fields of New Zealand —Summary. By D. M. McBeath Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Prospects, Onshore and Offshore New Zealand.By H.R. Katz Phanerozoic History of Australia and Surrounding Oceanic Region —Summary. By Gordon Packham Structural Style and Hydrocarbons of Bass, Gippsland, and Otway Basins—Summary. By E. A. Hodgson and W. F. Threlfall Australian Northwest Continental Shelf-Results of Ten Years of Exploration. By G. A. Robertson, D. E. Powell, and G. M. Edmond Recent Knowledge of Hydrocarbon Potentials in Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia. By A. Pulunggono Structural Evolution of Tertiary Basins of Southeast Asia—Summary. By R. W. Murphy Petroleum Geology of Thailand (Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea)—Summary.By Charan Achalabhuti Petroliferous Taiwan Basins in Framework of Western Pacific Ocean. By C. Y. Meng and J. T. Chou Petroleum Potential of Korean Offshore. By Chong Su Kim Marine Petroleum Exploration of Huksan Platform, Korea. By S. B. Frazier, S. 0. Choi, В. K. Kim, and D. Schwartz Petroleum Fields of Japan with Volcanic-Rock Reservoirs—Summary. By T.Katahira and M. Ukai Cenozoic and Mesozoic Petroleum Prospects, Aleutian - Bering Sea Region—Summary. By D. W. Scholl, M. S. Marlow, and E. C. Buffington Structural Evolution of Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins in Western NorthAmerica. By Eugene R. Orwig, Jr Tectonic Framework of Petroliferous Rocks in Alaska. By Arthur Grantz and С. E. Kirschner Sedimentation and Tectonics of Pacific Continental Margin of British Columbia-Summary. By D. L. Tiffin and В. E. B. Cameron Oil Resources of the Pacific for Peace and Security—Summary. ВуУ. P. Trunz Hydrocarbon Potential of Offshore CaUfornia—Summary. By Anthony E. L.Morris Petroleum Potential of Continental Rise off Central California—Summary. ByP. Wilde, W. R. Normark, and T. E. Chase Potential for Exploration and Development of Hydrocarbons in Atrato Valley and Pacific Coastal and Shelf Basins of Colombia. By Rafael Bueno S. and Carlos Govea R Exploration and Development of Hydrocarbon Resources in Pacific Basins ofEcuador—Summary. By Alfonso Jarrin Hydrocarbon Potential of Coastal Basins of Peru. By Russell B. Travis, Grover Gonzales, and Alfredo Pardo Hydrocarbon Potential of Amazon Basins of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. By F. Zuniga у Rivero, Alfredo Pardo, Hugo Valdivia, and Pedro Velarde Hydrocarbon Potential of Bolivian Sedimentary Basins—Summary. By J. Oblitas and C. Salinas-E HYDROGEOLOGYHydrogeology of the Pacific—Summary. By John F. Mink Developing Dike-Complex and Basal-Lens Water Supplies on Basaltic Islands-Summary. By D. bum Control of Earthquakes at Rangely, Colorado —Summary. By J. D. Bredehoeft,С. B. Raleigh, and J. H. Healy Development of Australia’s Groundwater Resources-Summary. By N. O. Jones and F. A. Hatfield Artificial Recharge of Groundwater in Burdekin Delta, Australia-Summary. By N. O. Jones, R. E. Volker, S. E. James, К. K. Watson, C. Burden-Jones, W. T. Spragg, and F. A. HatfieldRecent Knowledge of Hydrocarbon Potentials in Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia. By A. Pulunggono Structural Evolution of Tertiary Basins of Southeast Asia—Summary. By R. W. Murphy Petroleum Geology of Thailand (Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea)—Summary.By Charan Achalabhuti Petroliferous Taiwan Basins in Framework of Western Pacific Ocean. By C. Y. Meng and J. T. Chou Petroleum Potential of Korean Offshore. By Chong Su Kim Marine Petroleum Exploration of Huksan Platform, Korea. By S. B. Frazier, S. 0. Choi, В. K. Kim, and D. Schwartz Petroleum Fields of Japan with Volcanic-Rock Reservoirs—Summary. By T.Katahira and M. Ukai Cenozoic and Mesozoic Petroleum Prospects, Aleutian - Bering Sea Region—Summary. By D. W. Scholl, M. S. Marlow, and E. C. Buffington Structural Evolution of Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins in Western NorthAmerica. By Eugene R. Orwig, Jr Tectonic Framework of Petroliferous Rocks in Alaska. By Arthur Grantz and С. E. Kirschner Sedimentation and Tectonics of Pacific Continental Margin of British Columbia-Summary. By D. L. Tiffin and В. E. B. Cameron Oil Resources of the Pacific for Peace and Security—Summary. ВуУ. P. Trunz Hydrocarbon Potential of Offshore CaUfornia—Summary. By Anthony E. L.Morris Petroleum Potential of Continental Rise off Central California—Summary. ByP. Wilde, W. R. Normark, and T. E. Chase Potential for Exploration and Development of Hydrocarbons in Atrato Valley and Pacific Coastal and Shelf Basins of Colombia. By Rafael Bueno S. and Carlos Govea R Exploration and Development of Hydrocarbon Resources in Pacific Basins ofEcuador—Summary. By Alfonso Jarrin Hydrocarbon Potential of Coastal Basins of Peru. By Russell B. Travis, Grover Gonzales, and Alfredo Pardo Hydrocarbon Potential of Amazon Basins of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. By F. Zuniga у Rivero, Alfredo Pardo, Hugo Valdivia, and Pedro Velarde Hydrocarbon Potential of Bolivian Sedimentary Basins—Summary. By J. Oblitas and C. Salinas-E HYDROGEOLOGYHydrogeology of the Pacific—Summary. By John F. Mink Developing Dike-Complex and Basal-Lens Water Supplies on Basaltic Islands-Summary. By D. bum Control of Earthquakes at Rangely, Colorado —Summary. By J. D. Bredehoeft,С. B. Raleigh, and J. H. Healy Development of Australia’s Groundwater Resources-Summary. By N. O. Jones and F. A. Hatfield Artificial Recharge of Groundwater in Burdekin Delta, Australia-Summary. By N. O. Jones, R. E. Volker, S. E. James, К. K. Watson, C. Burden-Jones, W. T. Spragg, and F. A. HatfieldSaline Groundwater Inflows to Murray River in South Australia-Summary. By W. R. P. Boucaut Groundwater Potential of Limestone Terranes: Examples from Indonesia-Summary. By M. M. Purbo-Hadiwidjojo and/?. Soekardi Groundwater Potential of Areas Underlain by Volcaniclastic Rocks: Examplesfrom Indonesia—Summary. By M. M. Purbo-Hadiwidjojo and R. Soekardi Groundwater in Volcanic Areas in Japan—Summary. By Soki Yamamoto Land Subsidence in Japan Resulting from Fluid Extraction-Summary. By Shigeru Aoki Impact of Economic Development on Demands for Groundwater and Wastewater Disposal in Honolulu-Summary. By George Yuen Simulation Model of Honolulu Basal Aquifer-Summary. By R. H. Dale Effect of Subsurface Waste-Disposal Practice on Groundwater Resources inHawaiian Islands. By F. L. Peterson and K. J. Takasaki MINERALSFerromanganese Nodules of the Pacific. By P. L. Bezrukov and N. S. Skornyakova .Manganese-Nodule Structures: Relation to Nodule Origin-Summary. By J. Andrews and S. Margolis Exploitation of Manganese Nodules in South Pacific—Summary. By G. P. Glasby . .Nickel- and Copper-Rich Nodules of Equatorial North Pacific-Summary. By D. R. Horn, В. M. Horn, and M. N. Delach Iron Ore, Coal, and Steel Production in New Zealand-Summary. By ThomasMarshall Submarine Phosphorite Deposits of Chatham Rise Near New Zealand—Summary.By A. Wesley Karns Nickel Resources of Australia—Summary. By R. Woodall Australian Bauxite Deposits—Discovery and Development. By H. J. Evans Iron-Ore Deposits of Western Australia—Geology and Development. By J. H. Lord and/1. F. Trendall Mining Heavy-Mineral Sand in Australia —Summary. By J. Pinter Occurrence and Development of Sedimentary Manganese Ore, Groote Eylandt, Northern Australia. By W. M. Lonie and J. L. McIntosh Stratiform and Strata-Bound Metal Concentrations in Australia—Summary. By Haddon F. King Background to Present Mineral Search in British Solomon Islands and Fiji-Summary. By J. C. Grover Fluorite Resources of Thailand—Summary. By Manas Veeraburus Porphyry Copper Deposits of Southwest Pacific: Discovery and Development-Summary. By D. S. Carruthers Geologic Environment and Economic Possibilities of Porphyry Copper Deposits in the Philippines—Summary. By Dominador H. Almogela Geologic Controls of Mineral Deposits in Taiwan—Summary. By T. P. Yen Mineral Resources of Korea. By Ok Joon Kim Relation Between Tectonics and Metallogenesis in Peripheral-Sea - Island-Arc Complex, Japan-Summary. By Chikao Nishiwaki, Hokuichiro Omachi, and Isamu KobayashiGeologic Aspects of Uranium Resources of Japan—Summary. By Teiji Kamiyama, Yoshihiko Shimazaki, and Kyosuke Kubo National Exploration Program for Base-Metal Deposits in Japan—Summary. By Yoshihiro Sekine Metallogenic Systems of Pacifides—Summary. By M. I. Itsikson Some Characteristics of Acid Volcanism of Southern Far East—Summary. By E. V. Bykovskaya and E. I. Blumstein Geologic Framework of Metallic Mineral Deposits of Northeast USSR. By N. A. Shilo Ring Megastructures of the Pacific—Summary. By V. V. Solovyev Evolutionary Series of Antimony Deposits of Eastern USSR—Summary. By V. I. Berger Meimechites of Kamchatka and Kimberlite Problems of Pacific Mobile Belt—Summary. By V. K. Rotman and B. A. Markovsky Structural Classification of North Pacific Shelves—Summary. By G. S. Ganeshin,V. V. Solovyev, and Yu. F. Chemekov Outline of Kuril-Kamchatka Arc—Summary. By V. K. Rotman Metal Provinces of Alaska—Summary. By Allen L. Clark and Henry C. Berg Metallogenic Provinces of Northeast Pacific. By Richard H. Jahns Environments of Canadian Cordillera Depositional Basins. By H. Gabrielse Metallic Mineral Resources of Canadian Cordillera. By A. Sutherland Brown Porphyry Copper Province of Northern Cordilleran Orogen—Summary. By V. F. Hollister Metallogenetic Chart of Mexico—Summary. By Guillermo P. Salas Principal Characteristics of Some Porphyry Copper Deposits in Sonora, Mexico-Summary. By Javier Lopez A vila Uranium and Its Projected Use in Nuclear Generation of Electricity in Mexico-Summary. By L. Galvez and C. Velez Mineral Resources of State of Sinaloa, Mexico-Summary. By D. A. Cordoba and M. Patino-A Major Chemical Characteristics of Tertiary and Quaternary Volcanism of Baja California-Summary. By Alain Demant, Claude Robin, Claude Bobier, andDiego A. Cordoba Metallogenic Provinces of Southeastern Pacific Region. By George E. Ericksen. . . .Metallogenesis in Southeast Pacific Ocean: Nazca Plate Project. By Cyrus W. Field, Jack R. Dymond, John B. Corliss, E. Julius Dasch, G. Ross Heath, Ronald G. Senechal, and Herbert H. Veeh ' Possibilities for Development of Mineral Resources of Colombia—Summary. ByJ. A. Cruz Mineral Resources of Ecuador: Their Development and Prospects for New Finds-Summary. By Carlos F. Mosquera C. Mineral Resources Potential of Peru—Summary. By O. Damiani and С. Сапера. . . .Deposits of Bolivian Tin Belt-Summary. By S. Rivas Metallogenic Belts and Tectonic Evolution of Chilean Circum-Pacific Continental Border—Summary. By Jose Frutos J. and Jorge Oyarzun M