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The James Ross Basin, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, provides the thickest and best-exposed onshore Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sedimentary succession in Antarctica. When compared with other onshore sections, it is clear that the area has a much broader significance as a key reference section for the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary throughout the Southern Hemisphere. The sedimentary record exposed within the basin also provides an unrivalled opportunity to unlock the record of climate change and biotic response within a high-palaeolatitude setting.
James Ross Island was first visited during the heroic age of polar exploration at the start of the 20th century. Swedish geologist Otto Nordenskj61d sailed into the region in 1901 in his ship Antarctic, captained by explorer and sealer Carl Larsen. Plans to spend a year in the region for scientific exploration went disastrously wrong when his ship sank near Paulet Island, forcing Nordenskj61d to spend over 2 years in a small hut on Snow Hill Island. Members of his ship-wrecked party survived in horrific conditions, with only penguins for food and small stone huts for shelter at Hope Bay, at the tip of Trinity Peninsula, and also on Paulet Island.<...>
Designated terrains cretaces by d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1822, the System takes its name from creta, the Latin for chalk. This is the most conspicuous rock-type in Europe, and Cretaceous chalks are also known from parts of North America and Western Australia. The system is here divided into two and the term 'Middle Cretaceous' is not employed since it has no internationally agreed limits and is little used outside the Middle East. The Lower Cretaceous was formerly separated by some American authors as a distinct system, the Comanchean (from the town of Comanche, Texas). The Upper Cretaceous corresponds roughly to the Chalk Formation of earlier authors, chalk (Saxon cealc, German kalk, meaning lime) having been used as a geological term in England since the Middle Ages and in print from the time of Martin Lister (1684). Its white chalk cliffs gave England its first recorded name of "Albion". <...>
It is with great pleasure that I endorse Crimes Against Mine Planning by Mark Bowater. This book seeks to “call out” examples and themes of poor mine planning and mine management practices that have plagued many of us during our careers in mining. The mining industry plays a very important role in the Australian economy, with billions of dollars of capital deployed, earning even more billions of dollars of tax and royalty generating revenue. Efficient allocation and use of capital and labour is at the heart of a successful mining operation and good quality mine planning is the key to unlocking the inherent value of an orebody by efficiently planning and scheduling the use of that capital and labour.
This conference was designed to be a forum for open discussion of current knowledge, advances that are in progress, and direction for additional and future research into these systems. Further, the interlacing of professional disciplines was meant to provide dynamic interactions to foster information exchange among these groups. These professional disciplines included geologists, petrophysicists, geochemists, geophysicists, and engineers as well as individuals involved in the business of drilling and producing wells <...>
The Mediterranean Sea has been attracting the attention of numerous geoscientists from various countries and institutions for many years. A complex succession of geodynamic processes interplayed between Africa, Eurasia and the interposed ocean basins has characterized the geological history of the Mediterranean and surrounding regions, with ocean basin openings, plate and crustal block detachments, subductions, collisions, crustal extensions and contractions, arc and back-arc basin formation. In summary, in the Mediterranean area, on a regional scale, the imprint of all those significant plate-tectonics-related events observed on the larger global scale can be recognized. <...>
The nature of petrologic and structural properties and processes that characterize the middle and lower continental crust is a long-standing problem in the earth sciences. During the past several decades signifi cant progress has been made on this fundamental problem by synthesizing deep-crustal seismic-refl ection imaging, laboratory-based seismic-velocity determinations, xenolith studies, and detailed geologic studies of exposed crustal cross sections. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of crustal sections provide a crustal-scale context for a variety of important problems in the earth sciences. Crustal sections are widely used to evaluate crustal composition and petrogenesis, including lateral and vertical variations in rock types. Evidence from deep levels of crustal sections suggests seismic shear-wave anisotropy and seismic lamination result from widespread subhorizontal contacts, shear zones, and transposition fabrics, and in some sections from metamorphosed m- to km-thick, intraplated and/or underplated mafi c magmatic sheets and plutons. Crustal sections also facilitate the evaluation of crustal rheology in natural settings from regional to outcrop scale. Magmatism, metamorphism, partial melting, and relatively small lithological differences control rheology, localize strain, and lead to markedly heterogeneous deformation over a wide range of crustal levels. Finally, crustal sections provide unique views of the architecture and deformation patterns of fault zones in the deep crust. <...>
Heat flow data have been used extensively by geoscientists to provide an indication of temperature variations within the Earth. However, there are relatively few experts available with the necessary experience to provide a critique of the central constraints or to obtain new data for second-order models. Terminology relating to thermal conductivity, diffusivity, vitrinite reflectance, xenolith geochemistry, and so on, is widely recognised but poorly understood, particularly by industry professionals.
Magmatism in the continental and oceanic lithosphere contributes to the rejuvenation of Earth’s crust and is fundamental for the evolution of life on our planet. After their formation, magmas crystallize, differentiate, degas, mix with other magmas, and interact with the surrounding lithologies over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The petrological and geochemical signatures of volcanic and plutonic rocks reflect the diversity of the petrogenetic processes. Deciphering these signatures has fundamental implications for elucidating the eruptive behavior of volcanoes and quantifying the mass fluxes related to the generation and growth of the crust.
A consideration of the interactions between glaciers and permafrost is essential to many environmental studies of cold regions. This paper reviews how concepts, field data and experimental studies from glaciology and geocryology can provide a basis for improved understanding of some of the key glacier-permafrost interactions at scales ranging from continental ice sheets to small proglacial streams. Glacitectonic processes are strongly influenced by water pressures beneath subglacial and proglacial permafrost, and by the amount of unfrozen water within the permafrost.
This book (the first of two volumes) is devoted to the topic of the description of structures, especially periodic structures, and their symmetries. Much of the material is a prerequisite for serious students of solid state chemistry and related sciences (e.g. mineralogy, materials science and solid state physics).
