FOREGS (Forum of European Geological Surveys) Geochemical Baseline Programme has been initiated to provide high quality environmental geochemical baseline data for Europe. The data will be based on samples of stream water, stream sediment, floodplain sediment, soil, and humus collected all over Europe. High quality and consistency of the obtained data are ensured by using standardised sampling methods and by treating and analysing all samples in the same laboratories.
This programme represents the European contribution to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)/ International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines. The sampling instructions are based on the recommendations of the IGCP 259 and IGCP 360 programmes.
The present report contains comprehensive instructions for sample site selection and sample collection. In addition, a summary of methods intended for sample preparation and analysis is included.

Organic Compounds in Meteorites and Their Origins 

The Chemistry of Interstellar Molecules

Chemistry in Comets

Marine Manganese Nodules

THE fascinating problem of the origin of liquid petroleum, with which we must associate natural gas, mineral waxes, and asphaltic materials, is primarily of interest to geologists and chemists, but its solution would have a wider impact, since it would throw some light on certain aspects of the early history of the earth and the first steps in the evolution of living forms. 

Radioactive dating methods involve radioactive isotopes of various elements and, of the 1400 to 1500 nuclides known presently, more than four-fifths are radioactive although most of them do not occur naturally because of their very rapid rates of radioactive decay. To obtain the ages of rocks and minerals, naturally occurring radioisotopes are used which continued to exist long after the Big Bang because of their extremely slow decay rates. This is the case with 238U, 235U, 232Th, 87Rb and 40K. However, some arise from the decay of long lived, naturally occurring radioactive parents, among them 234U, 230Th and 226Ra. And a few may be created by natural nuclear reactions, for instance 14C (radiocarbon),

Geologic setting of the Colorado Plateau ores, by Alice D. Weeks and R. M. Garrels    
Characteristics of the host rock, by Robert A. Cadigan    
Elemental composition of the sandstone-type deposits, by E. M. Shoemaker, A. T. Miesch, W. L. Newman, and L. B. Riley    
Occurrence and chemical character of ground water in the Morrison formation, by David A. Phoenix    
Summary of the ore mineralogy, by Alice D. Weeks, Robert G. Coleman, and Mary E. Thompson    
Behavior of uranium minerals during oxidation, by R. M. Garrels and C. L. Christ    

All major Appalachian tectonostratographic zones in Gaspesie, Quebec and New Brunswick (i.e. Humber, Dunnage, Gander, and Avalon) are intruded by Paleozoic granites. Granite petrological and geochemical data assist in evaluating the economic potential of the plutons and provide insight into the crustal and tectonic evolution of the orogen.
Based on Na2O and Al index values (generally >3.2 wt.% and <1.1 respectively) and high-field strength element contents, most of the granites are 1-types; some have "А-type affinities". Granite chemical and isotopic characteristics distinguish three contrasting groups of granites: Humber-Dunnage, Gander, and Avalon. Positive eNd values for Humber, Dunnage, and Avalon granites indicate melting of predominately juvenile sources. Negative e Nd and elevated 201РЫШРЬ and 518 values for Gander granites are consistent with reworking of older (1.1-1.8 Ga) crust containing a significant supracrustal component. Neodymium isotopic data effectively rules out Grenville basement as a source for Humber-Dunnage granites. Gander zone is apparently the autochthonous surface expression of a distinct lower crustal block. Contrasting e Nd signatures from Avalon and Gander granites indicates that Gander and Avalon zones are underlain by different crustal blocks, i.e. Precambrian Avalon basement is not a suitable protolith for Gander granites.<...>

Исследованиями последних лет установлена прямая связь между образованием месторождений различных полезных ископаемых и поствулканическими процессами, т. е. процессами, протекающими в областях действия вулканов. Этим исследованиям посвящены новейшие работы французских, японских, американских и новозеландских геологов, вошедшие в сборник. Материалы сборника содержат большое количество фактических данных о вулканических газах, водах и геохимии связанных с ними' элементов, раскрывают представления зарубежных геологов о механизме поствулканического процесса и дают возможность советским специалистам ознакомиться с теорией и практикой исследования современных вулканических областей мира. Учитывая огромный интерес, который вызывает у советских геологов проблема промышленного использования тепловых ресурсов действующих вулканов, выход в свет настоящего сборника представляется весьма современным.
Сборник рассчитан на студентов и преподавателей геологических вузов и геологических факультетов университетов, на специалистов-геологов, ведущих поиски полезных ископаемых, геохимиков и вулканологов.

The phase discontinuity that occurs at the mineral-water interface greatly influences the geochemical cycles of many elements. The composition of natural waters and the flux of material through the hydrosphere are largely controlled by the weathering of minerals and the precipitation of new phases -- processes in which the mineral-water interface plays a fundamental role.

In the field of groundwater numerical flow modelling has become a standard tool for scientific and also for most of the practical problems. The modelling software has matured during the past 10 years from being user-unfriendly with complex interfaces to a powerful, easy-to-use, windows-based system. For porous media flow in the saturated zone, the basic principle pertinent to all common programmes like MODLFOW, FEFLOW etc. is the solution of the linear DARCY- and continuity-equations. The numerical problems associated with the limitations in discretisation known in earlier days are not a serious burden any more because of the high-speed PCs with hundreds of Mbytes memory available nowadays.

The disposal of low-level radioactive waste generated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) during the Cold War era has historically involved shallow land burial in unconfined pits and trenches. The lack of physical or chemical barriers to impede waste migration has resulted in the formation of secondary contaminant sources where radionuclides have moved into the surrounding soil and bedrock, as well as groundwater and surface water sources.