Скорнякова Н.С., Мурдмаа И.О., Мухина В.В., Успенская Т.Ю. О возрасте диагенетических железомарганцевых конкреций Тихого океана    
Емельянов Е.М. Медь, никель и кобальт в донных осадках Атлантического океана     
Куприн П.Н., Лукша В.Л., Семенов Б. О. Строение разреза и литология плиоцен-четвертичных отложений Мавгышлакского порога в Каспийском море    
Деркачев А.Н., Николаева Н.А. Минералогические провинции осадков района островной дуги Нансей (Рюкю) и ее обрамления    
Ципурский С.И., Ивановская Т.А., Сахаров Б.А., Звягина Б.Б., Дрии В.В. О природе сосуществования глауконита, Fe-иллита и иллита в глобулярных слюдистых образованиях из отложений разного литологического типа и возраста  

For the last twenty years conferences concerning rare earth materials have been held in the U.S.A. every 18 to 24 months. In general these conferences have dealt with the science of these materials, and only one or two sessions (~10% of the papers) were concerned with industrial and commercial aspects.

Rare earth elements are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking, lighting, and metallurgy), which account for 59 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements.

The extraction of fossil fuels and mineral resources has grown exponentially since the early 20th century and far from decelerating, it is expected to increase in the coming decades. “The Limits to Growth” (Meadows et al., 1972) already alerted that if demand of metals and fossil fuels maintained the same trend, mankind would sooner or later be close to collapse. The book provoked a strong controversy between those that considered that the Earth was plentiful of non-renewable resources (technooptimists) and those who believed in the need for a rational management of the planetary mineral endowment.

The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being?
There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum.

The Pan European Reserves and Resources Reporting Committee (PERC) Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (further referred to as ‘the Code’) sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe. The history of development of this code is summarised in Appendix 4.  This 2008 edition supersedes all previous editions of The Reporting Code and the IMM Reporting Code. <...>

A brief history

1991: IMM code, broadly similar to JORC
2001: “The Reporting Code” sponsored by professional bodies IMM, GSL, IGI, and EFG, and aligned with CRIRSCO
2006: Reserves committee re-formed as PERC
2008: Updated PERC Code issued

This work investigates the permissibility and viability of property rights on the celestial bodies, particularly the extraterrestrial aspects of land and mineral resources ownership. In lay terms, it aims to find an answer to the question “Who owns the Moon?”

In 1992, 13 companies operated 23 primary aluminum reduction plants. Based on published market prices, the output of primary metal in 1992 was valued at $5.2 billion. Packaging accounted for an estimated 35% of domestic consumption; transportation, 20%; building, 17%; electrical, 9%; consumer durables, 8%; and other uses, 11 %. Aluminum recovered in 1992 from purchased scrap was about 2.6 Mt, of which about 40% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 60% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 30% of apparent consumption.