The map area, covering 2,250 km", lies in the central part of Spitsbergen, south of Isfjorden. Geological investigations were started by Swedish expeditions in the last half of the 19th century, and the work was continued in the present century mainly by Norwegian expeditions. The region is mountainous, moderately glaciated, but shows a juvenile glacial morphology. The climate is polar. The rock sequence exposed in the area is c. 3,400 m thick and consists of two Permian, six Mesozoic, and six Tertiary formations. The Permian deposits are mainly eherts , cherty limestones, limestones, and sandstones deposited under marine conditions. The Mesozoic-Tertiary sequence is composed generally of shales, siltstones, and sandstones deposited mainly in marine environments, and to a lesser extent under terrestrial conditions. Surficial deposits of Quaternary age are largely of glacial, colluvial, alluvial, and marine origin <...>

The Arctic is a geologically unique region where the North American, Eurasian and Pacific lithospheric plates come together, and a new Arctic Ocean is born on the continuation of the North Atlantic. The northern geographical and magnetic poles are located in the Arctic. Large ore deposits have been discovered in the Arctic regions, and the shelves contain large hydrocarbon resources.

This chapter represents a comprehensive review of Kuwait’s surface geology and stratigraphy from previous works accomplished by numerous geoscience researchers in the past decades. The surface of Kuwait is characterized by nearly flat topography, featureless to gently undulating, apart from a few tens of meters of escarpments in the north and south, and flat low to moderately elevated hills and ridges.

YIRGU, G., EBINGER, C.J. & MAGUIRE, P.K.H. The Afar volcanic province within the East African Rift System: introduction Part 1: Plate kinematic and geodynamic framework of the Afar volcanic province Introduction
CALAIS, E., EBINGER, C.J., HARTNADY, C., & NOCQUET, J.M. Kinematics of the East African Rift from GPS and earthquake slip vector data
GARFUNKEL, Z. & BEYTH, M. Constraints on the structural development of Afar imposed by the kinematics of the major surrounding plates
BUCK, W.R. The role of magma in the development of the Afro-Arabian Rift System

The deep oceans and global seafloor are truly Earth’s last frontier. They remain largely unexplored, yet are critical to our survival on this planet. This magnificent volume transports you to volcanoes, boiling hot springs, and fault zones in mountains a mile beneath the ocean surface, where bizarre landscapes host exotic life forms that rival the most imaginative science fiction.

The history of recorded geological observations of the Egyptian Eastern Desert and Sinai is divided into five stages: Pharaonic, Roman to early Ottoman, nineteenth century, twentieth century to the 1950s and post-1950s. Pharaonic interests were mainly resource-focused (gold, gemstones, hard stone) and are exemplified by the Turin Papyrus geological map. Roman to early Ottoman activities followed similar motivations and transported huge quantities of Egyptian stone across the Mediterranean.

The dry sand stretches away as far as I can see to the east and the west. The July sun burns a hole in the sky and sears the desert basin. Shimmering heat waves ripple the sand at the horizon and make the refl ections of the mountains fl icker upside down on the pseudoliquid surface. The sandy mud has shrunk and cracked since the last summer rain and has formed polygonal fractures in the barren brown surface. These are the only marks on the sand.

Introduction to Geodynamics of the Indian Plate: Evolutionary Perspectives Sampat K. Tandon and Neal Gupta
Evolving Early Earth: Insights from Peninsular India M. Jayananda, S. Dey, and K. R. Aadhiseshan
Tracking India Within Precambrian Supercontinent Cycles Sarbani Patranabis-Deb, Dilip Saha, and M. Santosh
Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins of India Partha Pratim Chakraborty, S. K. Tandon, Sagnik Basu Roy, Subhojit Saha, and Pritam P. Paul
Oxygenation of Early Atmosphere and Potential Stratigraphic Records from India Joydip Mukhopadhyay

The beginning of any scientific, economic, investigational, and executive achievement depends on the proper knowledge of basic information. The application of geosciences to meet the needs of each country is related to the level of knowledge of the geologists.