Geostatistics is a subset of statistics specialized in analysis and interpretation of geographically referenced data (Goovaerts, 1997; Webster and Oliver, 2001; Nielsen and Wendroth, 2003). In other words, geostatistics comprises statistical techniques that are adjusted to spatial data. Typical questions of interest to a geostatistician are:

how does a variable vary in space?

what controls its variation in space?

where to locate samples to describe its spatial variability?

how many samples are needed to represent its spatial variability?

what is a value of a variable at some new location?

what is the uncertainty of the estimate?

For any oilfield analysis, it is necessary to understand how to calculate areas, volumes and capacities. Fortunately, areas and capacities of tubing and casing are in most field handbooks and in the engineering tables of this book. Most readers of this document will remember how to calculate areas and volumes from grade school, so only a brief review is presented here. The engineering tables at the back of this book provide all the necessary data to determine well capacities quite easily. The first few sample problems are solved manually to show how the tables were generated. Thereafter, the tables will be used as much as possible to simplify the problem solving. Understanding how the data was generated will make the calculations more meaningful and the tables easier to use. In any case, a clear understanding of the basic principles is necessary before proceeding as subsequent concepts will build on prior ones <...>

Геологоразведочная деятельность призвана обеспечить минерально-сырьевой базой горнодобывающую промышленность.
Геологоразведочные работы осуществляются поэтапно, в определенной последовательности, причем каждый этап имеет свои цели и свою методику достижения этих целей.

In terms of both volume and mass, waste dumps associated with large open pit mines are arguably the largest manmade structures on Earth. Their footprints typically exceed the aerial extent and their heights often rival the depths of the open pits from which the material used to construct them is derived.

В руководстве содержится описание солевого, бактериального и газового состава подземных вод, методика отбора проб воды, газа и пород для различных видов анализа. Излагаются методы полного химического анализа воды, причем для удобства пользования книгой в текст ее включены теоретические сведения, объясняющие сущность изложенных методов. Заключительные разделы книги посвящены способам обработки данных различных анализов и составлению гидрохимических карт.
Книга предназначается для студентов геологических факультетов университетов, горных институтов, а также может быть использована инженерно-техническими работниками, деятельность которых связана с изучением общих вопросов, гидрогеологии и гидрохимии.

Дается краткая характеристика особых условий строительства в карстовых районах. Рекомендуется оценивать устойчивость территорий и производить расчеты зданий и сооружений по данным о среднегодовом количестве провалов, приходящихся на единицу площади, и графикам распределения провалов по их величине. Рассматриваются особенности составления схем районной планировки, генеральных планов городов и проектов детальной планировки. Даются рекомендации по определению характера застройки территорий в зависимости от их устойчивости и излагаются основные требования к жилищному и гражданскому строительству в карстовых районах. Приводятся рекомендации по выбору конструктивных схем и реиений промышленных зданий и сооружений. В приложениях дается обоснование рекомендуемого характера застройки территорий и излагается метод расчета ленточных фундаментов как одного из рекомендуемых средств защиты от карстовых провалов ограниченного размера.
Рекомендации предназначены для инженерно-технических работников проектных и изыскательских организаций.

Coring is the removal of sample formation material from a wellbore. To the extent possible, core samples are taken in an undamaged, physically unaltered state. The formation material may be solid rock, friable rock, conglomerates, unconsolidated sands, coal, shales, gumbos, or clays. Coring can be conducted by various methods with a variety of tools.

Both crude oil and natural gas occur naturally in subsurface deposits. Crude oil is a black liquid that is sold to refineries to be refined into products such as gasoline and lubricating oil. Natural gas is a colorless, odorless gas that is sold to gas pipelines to be transported and burned for its heat content. There are many different types of crude oils and natural gases, some more valuable than others. Heavy crude oils are very thick and viscous and are difficult or impossible to produce.

Both crude oil and natural gas are mixtures of molecules formed by carcarbon and hydrogen atoms. There are many different types of crude oils and natural gases, some more valuable than others. Heavy crude oils are very thick and viscous and are difficult or impossible to produce, whereas light crude oils are very fluid and relatively easy to produce. Less valuable are sour crude oils that contain sulfur and sour natural gasses that contain hydrogen sulfide. Some natural gases burn with more heat than others, contain natu- natural gas liquids and gasoline, and are more valuable.

Geomaterials are defined as ‘processed or unprocessed soils, rocks or minerals used in the construction of buildings or structures, including man-made construction materials manufactured from soils, rocks or minerals’ (Fookes, 1991). The definition deliberately includes manmade materials such as bricks or cement but excludes allied engineering materials whose manufacturing is more extensive, such as steel and synthetic paints.