Foraminifera have an evolutionary history that extends back to the Cambrian, more than 525 million years ago. Since then, they have radiated and evolved. To date, approximately 60,000 fossil and modern species have been validly recognized (LANGER, 2011), and an estimated 10,000 species (including only 40-50 planktonic species) are still living (VICKERMAN, 1992), constituting the most diverse group of shelled microorganisms in modern oceans (SEN GUPTA, 1999). These small-sized organisms, usually 0.1 to 1 mm, may be very abundant, and tens of thousands living specimens per square meter may be found in some environments (WETMORE, 1995). Their mineralized tests (shells) usually get preserved in the sediment after the death of the organism and may constitute a major, sometimes the dominant, part of many modern or fossil sediments (fig. 1). They are easy to collect, and their high-density populations provide an adequate statistical base, even in small volume samples, to perform environmental analyses, making them a powerful tool for environmental assessment. <...>

The Earth is approximately spherical, with a mean radius R = 6370km, a very small flattening (+7/ − 15km), mass  6 × 1024kg, and an average density 5.5g/cm3; the law of gravitational attraction is F = GmMr/r3, where F is the force directed along the separation distance r between two point bodies with mass m and M; and G = 6.67 × 10−8cm3/g · s2 is the gravitation constant.

In 1988, at the request of members of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), Inc., the President of SME formed Working Party #79, Ore Reserve Definition, with the mission to develop guidelines for the public reporting of exploration information, resources, and reserves. A Subcommittee was appointed by the Working Party to draft these guidelines and submit recommendations to SME. The Subcommittee’s recommendations were published by SME in the April 1991 issue of “Mining Engineering”, and as a document entitled “A Guide for Reporting Exploration Information, Resources, and Reserves” in January 1992. Work continued on an ad-hoc basis until 1996, when Working Party #79 was renamed the SME Committee on Resources and Reserves and became a standing committee. <...>

T. rex crashes through the trees and leaps on a juvenile Triceratops. The huge predator has scaly skin and tufts of colorful feathers over its eyes; it crunches through the bones of the terrified herbivore with a force of several tons . . .
We are familiar with this kind of scene from the movies, but how much of it is guesswork? When we look at dinosaur behavior, we’re examining every aspect of how these remarkable beasts lived. Do we need a time machine to be sure what they looked like and how they behaved? The answer is, not necessarily. We have fossils, and we have smart ways to compare those fossils to modern animals. <...>

The fi rst three parts of the section address the development of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering as a distinct discipline over the past 80 years or so. Chapter 2 Foundations and other geotechnical elements in context - their role explains the importance of foundations and structures built in or of the ground within civil engineering and construction, and the need for a formal and holistic geotechnical engineering design process. Chapter 3 A brief history of the development of geotechnical engineering gives a history of the development of geotechnical engineering at the borderline between science and art, with the latter defi ned by Terzaghi in 1957 as a ‘mental processes leading to satisfactory results without the assistance of step-for-step logical reasoning’. This is refl ected in the ‘geotechnical triangle’, described in Chapter 4 The geotechnical triangle, which emphasises the essential elements of successful geotechnical engineering as understanding the ground, material properties and relevant precedence (well-winnowed experience), connected by an appropriate model for analysis. <...>

Interpreting Earth History was written to provide deeper learning activities for historical geology students at the college and university level. Material is organized in much the same sequence as chapters in most popular historical geology textbooks and it is expected that students will use the explanatory text to augment, not replace, textbook content. The purpose of the manual is to provide students the opportunity to engage with geological data from a variety of sources (maps, fossils, rocks, etc.) and at a variety of scales to discern and explain geological patterns.

RocLab – это программа, определяющая параметры прочности породного массива с помощью критерия Хука-Брауна.
RocLab - это программный продукт Rocscience Inc. Эта программа является бесплатной

RSData - это универсальный набор инструментов для анализа данных прочности горных пород и грунта, а также определения диапазонов прочности и других физических параметров. RSData включает RocProp, базу данных свойств ненарушенных горных пород, работающую как отдельное приложение.
Определите параметры линейных и нелинейных диапазонов прочности для породы и грунта на основе анализа данных прочности на трехосный или прямой сдвиг. Используйте четыре из наиболее широко используемых в инженерной геологии моделей прочности -обобщенные модели Хука-Брауна, Мора-Кулона, Бартона-Бандиса и кривую мощности.