The geology of northwestern Mexico is complex and is similar in many respects to that of southeastern California and southern Arizona. The region (Fig. 1), typical of the southern basin-and-range physiographic province of which it is a part, is characterized by elongate, northwest-trending ranges separated by wide alluvial valleys. Basement rocks in the area include Precambrian gneisses, metamorphosed andes-ites, and granites. These rocks are overlain by younger Proterozoic quartzites and limestones, Paleozoic and Mesozoic carbonate rocks, and Mesozoic volcanic, clastic, and carbonate sedimentary rocks. Mesozoic plutonic rocks and Tertiary extrusive and intrusive rocks related to volcanic activity of the Sierra Madre Occidental are widely distributed. Broad areas are underlain by plutonic and associated volcanic rocks of the Sonora-Sinaloabatholith of Cretaceous to early Tertiary (Laramide) age. The outcrop areas of the plutonic rocks are smaller in northwestern Sonora, west of Magdalena de Kino where many of the gold deposits are concentrated, than they are farther to the east and south (Fig. 2).

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits (Carlin-type deposits) have recently been recognized in the People's Republic of China. Five deposits discovered in Guizhou Province, Yata, Getang, Sanchahe, Ceyang, and Banqi are described here for the first time in Western literature (Fig. 1). The deposits have geologic features and geochemical signatures that are remarkably similar to those of sedimentary rock-hosted precious metal deposits in the United States. The sizes of the deposits are as yet undetermined, but they each contain significant reserves at average grades of 4 to 5 g of gold per metric ton. Exploration and drilling are in progress at all of the deposits, and other areas where the geologic setting and geochemical anomalies are similar are being tested.

The deposits are located in a relatively inaccessible region in the southern part of the People's Republic of China. Four of the five deposits described in this report were visited in September 1986 as part of a cooperative study between the U. S. Geological Survey and the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of the People's Republic of China. Transportation and logistical support for site visits were provided by the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Guizhou Province, the organization primarily responsible for mineral exploration in the region.

Very little has been published about sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in the People's Republic of China (Li et al., 1986). The Chinese literature sometimes refers to them as "underground hydrothermal (brine) leaching gold deposits" (Cai Changjin and Li Zhixiang, unpub. data, 1986). Analytical information from samples collected in the course of this study is available in Dean et al. (1988)

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold ores lithologically and chemically similar to those of Carlin-type deposits of the western United States are present in the Yauricocha district, central Peru. The Purisima Concepcion deposit is located in the core of a steeply plunging anticline several hundred meters beyond large pipe-shaped Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au replacement orebodies in limestone bordering a late Miocene granodiorite stock. The central part of the stock is potassium-silicate altered and contains high-salinity fluid inclusions.

The term "Carlin-type" deposit has been applied to a number of low-grade, sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits that have been discovered and brought into production in the western United States since the 1960s. Carlin-type deposits are characterized by replacement of carbonate and silty carbonate rocks by silica, pyrite, barite, various arsenic, mercury, antimony, and thallium minerals and by introduction of micron-size gold (Radtke and Dickson, 1974). These deposits are believed to have formed in the upper few kilometers of the earth's crust under conditions that are similar in some respects to present-day geothermal systems.

The Mercur mining district in west-central Utah contains a number of gold deposits of this type. The district is located approximately 90 km southwest of Salt Lake City in the southwest portion of the Oquirrh Mountains, a typical north-south-trending range of the Basin and Range physiographic province (Fig. 1). Two major orebodies, Mercur-Sacra-mento and Marion Hill, are present in small hills in the center of the steep, east-west-trending Mercur Canyon. Initial production of silver in the Mercur district was from an interval of silicified limestone known as the "Silver ledge" (Spurr, 1895), a term which was later changed to "Silver chert." Fine gold was discovered in 1883 in a stratigraphic interval 30 m above the Silver chert. Production terminated in 1917 after more than 1.2 million ounces of gold had been produced (Butler et al., 1920). The district was reopened in 1983 with the Getty Mining Company as the principal operator.

The first geologic description of the Mercur district was given by Spurr (1895). Butler et al. (1920) gave a concise, accurate review of the geology, stratigraphy, and mineral production at Mercur. Gilluly's (1932) work remains the most comprehensive published study of the southern Oquirrh Mountains. Lenzi (1973) published data on the background geochemistry at Mercur. Tafuri (1976) described the general geology and mineralization at Mercur.

This communication gives a detailed discussion of the hydrothermal alteration of the Mercur deposits. The discussion will provide a framework for continuing studies of the paragenesis and geochemistry at Mercur as well as allowing comparison with alteration assemblages of other Carlin-type deposits.

A variety of techniques have been used in attempts to date the mineralization in Carlin-type deposits in the Great Basin, with highly variable results. These techniques and results are reviewed in this paper, along with presentation of two new dates, for the Rodeo deposit on the Carlin trend and for the Barneys Canyon deposit in Utah. Complete resetting of sericite by hydrothermal fluids of the temperature and duration of hydrother-mal activity that form Carlin-type deposits is considered highly unlikely. Therefore, dates from sericite are generally of questionable value unless that sericite can be shown to have formed during the same hydrothermal event during which Au was deposited. For the deposits that have been investigated to date, sericite dates rarely, if ever, record the age of Au mineralization. However, sericite ages do appear to record pre-Au events in some districts. Such events may have contributed to ground preparation and, to a much lesser extent, to the tenor of the ore. Fission-track and U/Th-He techniques provide important age constraints on mineralization in some districts but also suffer from a less than clear association with Au. Rb-Sr dating of galkhaite, an Hg sulfosalt, provides the only direct age of mineralization, but galkhaite has been recognized in only a few locations (and dated in only two deposits). In a similar manner, adularia is contemporaneous with Au at Twin Creeks, but Twin Creeks is the only Carlin-type deposit where adularia has been reported. Several other techniques (U-Pb, Re-Os, Sm-Nd) have been used in attempts to date the deposits but with limited success.

The orebodies at the Getchell and Twin Creeks mines were studied through mineral paragenesis, geologic relationships, and 40Ar/39Ar dating. Mineral paragenetic relationships are based on observations made during the logging of 18,000 m of drill cuttings and core and crosscutting relationships recognized in the field and Main pit at the Getchell mine. Ages for igneous and mineralizing events were determined through 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating analyses of 15 samples of biotite, K feldspar, sericite, and vein adularia. A thermal history for the area was also developed using K feldspar multiple diffusion domain results and age determinations on cogenetic minerals, which have different argon closure temperatures.

We appreciate the comments on our paper on the Post-Betze sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit which indicate that clarification is required. Ilchik suggests alternative interpretations of our findings with regard to two main issues: the nature of the sill that we have described as "postore," and the absolute age of Post-Betze mineralization in the context of the overall spread in the dates presented in our paper. We address these issues in turn.

The postore sill, which we also loosely originally termed "dike," is important in that it brackets the timing of gold mineralization. Although Ilchik suggests that this intrusion predates mineralization, the weight of evidence is to the contrary. Whereas the postore sill is composition-ally similar to preore Goldstrike stock-equivalent rocks, it is texturally quite distinct. In fact, it was distinctive enough for us to map it out in the subsurface from drill core, something which we were unable to do for any of the other sills. Comparatively, the rock is little altered and it is the only one in the ore zone that retains primary bio-tite. Assays shown in figure 5 of Arehart et al. (1993) are the original assays done on 5-ft intervals before the core was logged; in some samples mineralized inclusions are present within the sample interval. More detailed analysis of this rock type, when clear of any inclusions of mineralized sedimentary rock, yields very low values for gold. This is true of samples from several core holes. In sharp contrast, the preore dikes and sills are all significantly altered and mineralized (i.e., well above background in areas of sedimentary rock mineralization), although they are generally of lower grade than the surrounding sedimentary rocks. We are well aware of the erratic nature of and lithologic control on gold mineralization in sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits that are also seen at Post-Betze. Even taking this into consideration, it is clear that there is effectively no gold in the postore sill in comparison to significant gold in preore dikes and sills.

The Post-Betze deposit of Nevada is the largest sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit presently known, both dimensionally and in terms of contained metal. Ore occurs primarily as submicron-sized gold that is disseminated in altered sedimentary rocks of the Lower Paleozoic Roberts Mountains Formation. However, significant portions of the ore are present in altered monzonite of the Goldstrike stock. Alteration and mineralization were controlled by both structure and stratigraphy. Alteration began with early decarbonatization and was followed by silicification and, finally, argillization. Phyllosilicate mineral zoning grades from proximal kaolinite to kaolinite + sericite to unaltered rock.