Seismic data must be interpreted using digital signal processing techniques in order to create accurate representations of petroleum reservoirs and the interior structure of the Earth. This book provides an advanced overview of digital signal processing (DSP) and its applications to exploration seismology using real world examples. The book begins by introducing seismic theory, describing how to identify seismic events in terms of signals and noise, and how to convert seismic data into the language of DSP. Deterministic DSP is then covered, together with non-conventional sampling techniques. The final part covers statistical seismic signal processing via Wiener optimum filtering, deconvolution, linear-prediction filtering, and seismic wavelet processing. With over 60 end-of-chapter exercises, seismic data sets, and data processing MATLAB codes included, this is an ideal resource for electrical engineering students unfamiliar with seismic data, and for earth scientists and petroleum professionals interested in DSP techniques.

There is an ever-growing wealth of mammalian fossil material being collected from palaeontological and archaeological sites in southern Africa. This reference provides comprehensive information on the taxonomy and distribution in time and space of all currently recognised southern African fossil mammals. After an introductory background chapter on southern Africa, mammals, sites and dating, the following chapters are presented by epoch, covering the Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Individual maps provide information on where in the landscape specific taxa have been found, and a comprehensive index lists all the fauna and site locations. It ends with a chapter on how the book can be used, and lines of future research. Collecting a vast amount of information together in an accessible format, this is an essential reference for non-specialist taxonomists and palaeontologists, as well as for those using fossil data for other applications, such as archaeology, neontology and nature conservation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. 

The rich geological record of the Cretaceous Period reveals a world that experienced extreme climatic warmth and significantly higher global sea-levels than today. Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been implicated in these conditions. It thus provides a natural case study of the Earth in 'greenhouse' climatic mode, which this interdisciplinary textbook analyses from the perspective of Earth System Science. With mounting concerns over global warming today, an understanding of how the Earth system operates when in greenhouse mode is very relevant to studies of future climatic change.

Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology is a comprehensive and accessible textbook on all aspects of soils.

The book’s introductory chapters on soil morphology, physics, mineralogy and organisms prepare the reader for the more advanced and thorough treatment that follows. Unlike other books on soils, the authors devote considerable space to discussions of soil parent materials and soil mixing (pedotur-bation), along with dating and paleoenvironmen-tal reconstruction techniques. Theory and processes of soil genesis and geomorphology form the backbone of the book, rather than the emphasis on soil classification that permeates other soils textbooks. This refreshingly readable text takes a truly global perspective, with many examples from around the world sprinkled throughout.

Although plate tectonics and mantle plumes were introduced to geology at the same time in the 1960s and early 1970s by J. Tuzo Wilson and Jason Morgan, unlike plate tectonics, which rapidly collected supporters from the Earth S c i e n c e community, mantle plumes took a back seat. Yes, Hawaii was an example of a mantle plume and as oceanic plates moved over plumes they leave hotspot tracks. The prevailing attitude was one of "this is fine, but let's now move on to plate tectonics where the real excitement is." For twenty years geoscientists focussed most of their efforts on trying to understand plate tectonics and document examples of it in the g e o l o g i c record. It w a s not until the late 1980s that scientists turned some of their attention to mantle plumes, and indeed during the 1990s, when mantle plumes really "became of age", publications dealing with mantle plumes increased exponentially. Why the long period of dormancy for mantle plumes? I believe it was simply because geoscientists were overwhelmed by plate tectonics-a band wagon effect that influenced all of the Earth Sciences.

The concept of the adaptive landscape is the creation of the great American geneticist Sewall Wright who, along with the equally great British scientists R. A. Fisher and J.B. S. Haldane, crafted the Neo-Darwinian synthesis of evolutionary theory in the 1930s. The metaphor of the adaptive landscape, that evolution via the process of natural selection could be visualized as a journey across adaptive hills and valleys, mountains and ravines, permeated both evolutionary biology and the philosophy of science through the succeeding years of the twentieth century. Yet critics of the adaptive landscape concept have maintained that the concept is of heuristic value only; that is, it is fine for creating conceptual models, but that you cannot actually use the concept in analysing the evolution of actual animals or plants. That criticism became invalid in the year 1966 when the palaeontologist David M. Raup used computer simulations to model hypothetical life forms that have never existed in the evolution of life on Earth, and who subsequently created the concept of the theoretical morphospace.

The focus of this book is to demonstrate to the reader the power of the adaptive landscape concept in understanding the process of evolution, and to demonstrate that the adaptive landscape concept can be put into actual analytical practice through the usage of theoretical morphospaces. The adaptive landscape concept allows us to visualize the possible effects of natural selection through simple spatial relationships, rather than complicated modelling of changing environmental or ecological conditions. For that reason, this book relies heavily on spatial graphics to convey the concepts developed within these pages, and less so on formal mathematics.

I thank the Santa Fe Institute for the invitation to visit and work on computational methods in theoretical morphology in 2000, for it was at the Santa Fe Institute that the idea of writing this book came to me in conversations with Dave Raup. I thank the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research for the Fellowship that enabled me to work at the institute in 2005, for it was there that I developed many of the ideas presented in Chapters 7 and 8 of this book. Finally, I thank my wife, Marae, for her patient love.

Of the many techniques that have been applied to the study of crystal defects, probably no single technique has contributed more to our understanding of their nature, properties, and influence on the physical and chemical properties of crystalline materials than transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ). Although the importance of crystal defects and the use of ТЕМ for their direct observation were recognized by physical metallurgists in the early 1950s, it was at least a decade later that earth scientists responded to many of the new ideas of the defect solid state and to the power of ТЕМ. However, ТЕМ is now used extensively for the direct observation of defect microstructures in minerals and rocks, and there appears to be an increasing number of earth scientists who want to use the technique or to become more familiar with the interpretation of ТЕМ observations. This book is written for such people. However, it makes no attempt to be a practical manual of ТЕМ or a definitive text, but rather an introduction to the basic principles of the technique and of the interpretation of electron micrographs and electron diffraction patterns. As such, I hope the book will also be useful to students of materials science.

In the ten years that have passed since the publication of the first edition of this textbook exciting advances have taken place in every discipline of geophysics. Computer-based improvements in technology have led the way, allowing more sophistication in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. Advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to analyze minute samples of matter in exquisite detail and have contributed to an improved understanding of the origin of our planet and the evolution of the solar system. Space research has led to better