The stereographic projection is an essential tool of geologists and civil engineers which allows threedimensional orientation data to be both represented and manipulated. It provides a way of graphically displaying the data collected which is essential for the recognition and interpretation of patterns of preferred orientation. It allows also the data to be processed, rotated and analysed by means of a number of standard geometrical constructions. The latter can be rapidly carried out using computer software but the stereographic method has the advantage that the constructions can be visually appreciated and shown graphically.

This is the first textbook to cover all the major aspects of seismic tomography at a level accessible to students. While focusing on applications in solid earth geophysics, the book also includes numerous excursions into helioseismology in order to demonstrate the strong affinity between the two fields. The book presents a comprehensive introduction to seismic tomography including the basic theory of wave propagation, the ray and Born approximations required for interpretation of amplitudes, travel times and phases, eigenvibrations and surface waves, observational methods, model parametrization, finite-frequency methods, inversion, error and resolution analysis, and seismic anisotropy. It presents in-depth consideration of observational aspects of the subject, as well as practical recommendations for implementing numerical models using publicly available software.

Carbon plays a fundamental role on Earth. It forms the chemical backbone for all essential organic molecules produced by living organisms. Carbon-based fuels supply most of society’s energy, and atmospheric carbon dioxide has a huge impact on Earth’s climate. This book provides a complete history of the emergence and development of the new interdisciplinary field of deep carbon science. It traces four centuries of history during which the inner workings of the dynamic Earth were discovered, and it documents the extraordinary scientific revolutions that changed our understanding of carbon on Earth forever: carbon’s origin in exploding stars; the discovery of the internal heat source driving the Earth’s carbon cycle; and the tectonic revolution. Written with an engaging narrative style and covering the scientific endeavors of about 150 pioneers of deep geoscience, this is a fascinating book for students and researchers working in Earth system science and deep carbon research.

3-D seismic data have become the key tool used in the oil and gas industry to understand the subsurface. In addition to providing excellent structural images, the dense sampling of a 3-D survey can sometimes make it possible to map reservoir quality and the distribution of oil and gas. The aim of this book is to help geophysicists and geologists new to the technique to interpret 3-D data while avoiding common pitfalls.

This reader-friendly introduction to geostatistics provides a lifeline for students and researchers across the Earth and environmental sciences who until now have struggled with statistics. Using simple and clear explanations for both introductory and advanced material, it demystifies complex concepts and makes formulas and statistical tests easy to understand and apply.

Sedimentary rocks form at low temperatures and pressures at the surface of Earth owing to deposition by water, wind, or ice. By contrast, igneous and metamorphic rocks form mainly below Earth’s surface where temperatures and pressures may be orders of magnitude higher than those at the surface, although volcanic rocks eventually cool at the surface. These fundamental differences in the origin of rocks lead to differences in physical and chemical characteristics that distinguish one kind of rock from another. Sedimentary rocks are characterized particularly by the presence of layers, although layers are also present in some volcanic and metamorphic rocks, and by distinctive textures and structures. Many sedimentary rocks are also distinguished from igneous and metamorphic rocks by their mineral and chemical compositions and fossil content.

The structure of the book is in many ways traditional, going from strain (Chapters 2 and 3) to stress (Chapters 4 and 5) and via rheology (Chapter 6) to brittle deformation (Chapters 7–10). Of these, Chapter 2 contains some material that would be too detailed and advanced for some students and classes, but selective reading is possible. Then, after a short introduction to the microscale structures and processes that distinguish crystal-plastic from brittle deformation (Chapter 11), ductile deformation structures such as folding, boudinage, foliations and shear zones are discussed (Chapters 12–16). Three consecutive chapters then follow that are founded on the three principal tectonic regimes (Chapters 17–19) before salt tectonics and restoration principles are presented (Chapters 20 and 21). A final chapter, where links to metamorphic petrology as well as stratigraphy are drawn, rounds off the book, and suggests that structural geology and tectonics largely rely on other disciplines. The chapters do not have to be read in numerical order, and most chapters can be used individually.

Fundamentals of Structural Geology provides a new framework for the investigation of geological structures by integrating field mapping and mechanical analysis. It emphasizes the observational data, modern mapping technology, principles of continuum mechanics, and the mathematical and computational skills, necessary to map, describe, model, and explain deformation in the Earth’s lithosphere quantitatively.

Many textbooks describe information and theories about the Earth without training students to utilize real data to answer basic geological questions. This volume – a combination of text and lab book – presents an entirely different approach to structural geology. Designed for undergraduate laboratory classes, it is dedicated to helping students solve many of the geometrical problems that arise from field observations.