In early August 2012, following failed wage negotiations and civil unrest, about three thousand striking platinum miners employed by Lonmin plc gathered on a hill close to the town of Marikana in the North West province of South Africa. Nine out of ten Lonmin miners were migrants, mainly from the Eastern Cape, who lived next to the mine in squalid shacks and informal settlements.1 During a confrontation on 16 August, police opened fre, wounding 78 miners and killing 34 others. Many of those killed and injured were shot in the back.

In this chapter, we review the principles and basic tools of crystallography. A thorough understanding of crystallography is a prerequisite for anybody who wishes to learn transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ) and its applications to solid (mostly inorganic) materials. All diffraction techniques, whether they use x-rays, neutrons, or electrons, make extensive use of the concept of reciprocal space and, as we shall see repeatedly later on in this book, ТЕМ is a unique tool for directly probing this space. Hence, it is important that the ТЕМ user become as familiar with reciprocal space as with direct or crystal space.

Книга посвящена спектральным методам анализа окислов редкоземельных элементов. Приведены сведения о физико-химических свойствах РЗЭ, результаты изучения процессов в зоне разряда, методы определения в редкоземельных окислах нередкоземельных и редкоземель. ных примесей.
Книга рассчитана на аналитиков, работающих в области аналитической химии, а также в области получения и применения высокочистых РЗЭ.

It is easier to give examples of geological structures than to define them. The word 'structure' means 'that which is built or constructed'. Structural geologists use the word to signify something that has been produced by deformation; that is, by the action of forces on and within the Earth's crust. Structures consist of a geometric arrangement - of planes, lines, surfaces, rock bodies, etc. The form and orientation of this arrangement reflect the interaction between the deforming forces and the preexisting rock body. <...>

Fossil collecting is a fascinating hobby which has grown considerably in popularity over the last few decades. Its appeal is understandable; it combines the excitement of discovery with the practical skills of collecting and preparing specimens, and the academic challenge of identifying fossil finds. There are few other branches of science in which a beginner can make a serious contribution to the knowledge of our planet’s remarkable prehistory

The small-scale structures referred to in this publication are those structures of tectonic origin that can be observed with the naked eye in the field. Their scale varies broadly between that of the hand-specimen to that of the exposure, or even mountainside. Such structures are the visible effects of rock deformation caused by local stresses and movements which have been induced in the rocks by external tectonic forces of possibly unknown origin. Recognition of these minor structures, and appreciation of their origin and significance assist the field geologist to elucidate the larger-scale geological structures of his area.

In 1996, the IAEA published the Guidebook to Accompany IAEA Map: World distribution of Uranium Deposits (the ‘Guidebook’). This publication, which was the culmination of a process that began in 1990, introduced a descriptive deposit classification that expanded upon the classification used in the OECD/NEA-IAEA Red Book. Experts from six countries and from the IAEA collaborated on establishing the deposit classification. They also contributed information on a total of 582 deposits worldwide, and provided summary information on these deposits that became part of the Guidebook including their location, status (operating, dormant, depleted, etc.), resources (within a specific resource range — e.g. 1 500 to 5 000 t U), average grade (within a grade range — e.g. 0.03–0.10% U), geologic age, host rocks and tectonic setting. <...>

Lasi II was the second in a series on international meetings dealing with the physical geology of subvolcanic systems and demonstrated the diversity of techniques utilised in the analysis of shallow intrusions. These included both numerical and analogue modelling of magmatic processes, the analysis of magnetic fabrics to understand magma flow, the interpretation of seismic reflection data as well as outcrop-based studies. This diversity of research methodologies was applied to a range of shallow intrusions including sills, dykes and laccoliths as well as the interaction of magma with sediments. The presentations provided new insights into the morphological development of igneous intrusions, in particular re-assessments of the controls on their emplacement; the interactions between propagating magma bodies, between intrusions and overlying volcanic centres as well as magma-sediments interactions and their potential climatic effects. <...>

My purpose in writing this manual is to provide a pocket-size presentation of field procedures without the bulk and cost of a comprehensive textbook.

he first part, Tools of the Trade, covers the Brunton compass and Jacob's staff, the Silva compass, and the plane table and alidade-along with principles of map direction and strike and dip. 

Also, I have included a section on uses of the stereographic net for those who lack hardware and software necessary for the manipulation of field measurements.