Das Mammut, dessen fossiJe Beste m weiten Gebieten der Erde gefunden wurden, gehört zu den bekanntesten ausgestorbenen Tieren. Seit Jahrhunderten wurde Mammut-Elfenbein gehandelt und verwendet. Doch die in Schnee, Eis und Dauerfrostboden gefundenen Knochen erfuhren anfangs die verschiedensten Deutungen und waren Anlaß zur Entstehung zahlreicher Sagen und Märchen.

В книге рассмотрены вопросы палеобиологии аммонитов (функциональная морфология, онтогения, филогения, систематика) и биостратиграфии аптских отложений Кавказа. Охарактеризованы типы про- и примасутур, подтверждены генетические связи между их лопастями. Выявлен механизм перемещения мягкого тела организма в жилой камере.

There is hardly any country in the world that does not encounter problematic soil either due to natural formation or caused by manmade activities for land use and construction at a given location or at any given time. Moreover, with increasing population in many countries, it is almost inevitable that even the most marginal land and often difficult terrains are also utilised for infrastructure development.

Environmental geology is the application of geologic information to the entire spectrum of interactions between people and our physical environment. Those students who become more interested in the subject may go on to become environmental geologists. They will take advanced courses in subjects such as engineering geology and hydrogeology.

The purpose of this publication is to make an extended price history for a wide range of metals available in a single document. Such information can be useful for the analysis of mineralcommodity issues, as well as for other purposes. The chapter for each mineral commodity includes a graph of annual current and constant dollar prices for 1959 through 1998, where available; a list of significant events that affected prices; a brief discussion of the metal and its history; and one or more tables that list current dollar prices.

IN 1993, volcanologist Dr. Stanley Williams was standing inside Galeras, an active volcano located in Colombia, South America (Figure 1.1). Steam was rising around him, and gases were escaping from nearby fumeroles. He had tested the gases and heat from the volcano earlier, and had determined that it was safe to go inside the volcano.

Literally, “Mineralogy” means science of minerals.

The term “mineral” was coined in the late Middle Ages; it is derived from the Medieval Latin word mina = shaft (minare = to mine). The antique people, e.g., the Greeks and Romans, only used the word “stone”. Special attention was dedicated to precious stones, distinguished by their lustre, colour and hardness, which were highly estimated by the old civilised nations already in pre-Greek times.

This fifth edition of Rock Slope Engineering has been prepared 42 years after the first edition authored by Evert Hoek and John Bray in 1974, and 12 years after the fourth edition in 2004. This 42-year period is an expression of the evolution of this field of engineering – the first three editions, published by the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in London, were prepared for the design of open-pit mines that were at that time becoming several hundred metres deep as the result of the development of drills, shovels and trucks that made it economically feasible to mine low-grade ore deposits. Open-pit mines are now reaching depths of 1000 metres and new procedures are being used to design slopes for these pits for which the rock mass strength is more important than the geologic structure. These procedures are documented in publications such as the Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design (2009). <...>

Исследовано современное состояние разведки и добычи нефти и газа в Арктических морях. Рассмотрены основные теоретические и практические задачи поисков и эксплуатации месторождений. Изложены литолого-стратиграфические, тектонические, геохимические, гляциологические, гидрогеологические условия разведки и разработки месторождений Арктики.