In the preparation of this new edition I have followed the general policy adopted in the previous editions. As before, the emphasis has been placed on the principles of structural geology. Some consideration was given to the inclusion of several chapters on regional structure and the fascinating subject of mountain ranges and continents. But to treat these * subjects adequately would take so many pages that the book would either be greatly lengthened or some of the fundamental principles would be less fully treated.

The usual problem of proper balance has arisen. A definition of the _ exact limits of structural geology is an academic question of little practical importance. Nevertheless, an author must make arbitrary decisions on this matter. He must decide, for example, which subjects lie within the fields of stratigraphy and sedimentation and which are primarily the concern of the structural geologist. I suggest that the origin of those features related to the processes of sedimentation are not part of structural geology. Thus the origins of bedding and of primary structures (ripple marks, cross-bedding, etc.) are the concern of the sedimentationist. The structural geologist, however, is interested in these features as tools for working out the major structure or as features that may be confused with tectonic structures. <...>

The special province of structural geology among the branches of geological science lies in the recognition, representation, and genetic interpretation of rock-structures. Without for the moment defining precisely what is meant by rock-structures, let us consider any geological cross-section showing beds in various attitudes — flat-lying or inclined, folded or faulted — perhaps in places intruded by igneous rocks or covered with lava-flows, and again in places metamorphosed. Such a section shows the shape and attitude of the various rock-units present, and is said to represent the geological structure of that part of the earth, in the plane of the section.

In the Preface to the first edition of this book, published in 1983, I explained my reasons for writing the book as follows.

There are already a number of excellent books covering the various aspects of Structural Geology. Among these are works by Hobbs, Means and Williams, Jaeger and Cook, Price, Ramsay, and Turner and Weiss, all of which I have used extensively in preparing this book and have listed therein as further reading. However, these textbooks are rather advanced for many students commencing the study of geology, and for many years I have been aware of the lack of a suitable elementary book which I could recommend to beginners. My purpose in writing this book, therefore, was to supplement existing textbooks by providing an introduction to the subject which will convey enough information over the whole field of structural geology to stimulate the reader’s interest and encourage further study of more advanced textbooks and scientific papers.’

Europe, despite its many changes through history, has been home to volcanoes for many millions of years. These volcanoes pay no attention to human foibles such as historical periods, political boundaries (and how they change) and scientific definitions. Thus, the title Volcanoes of Europe disguises several kinds of arbitrary choices. We have included, for instance, the Canary Islands and the mid-Atlantic islands of Jan Mayen, Iceland, Svalbard, and the Azores within the European umbrella, although two of the Azores and half of Iceland belong to the North American plate, and the Canary Islands belong to the African plate. On the other hand, we do not describe the volcanoes of Turkey and the Caucasus, which many would, no doubt, call European. 

The percentage composition of the subject matter of this revised edition is approximately the same as that for the first, but the number of chapters has increased significantly. This necessitated the publication of a companion volume. In addition to dealing with various geophysical exploration methods, it adds and emphasizes the use of radiometric methods to explore for hard minerals found in sediments on and beneath the ocean floor.

The first edition of this encyclopedia was published a decade ago, and some remarkable changes have occurred in the gemstone marketplace during this interval. Although diamond still retains its place as the most popular and esteemed of all gemstones, the extremely wide gap in this leadership position versus colored stones has nar- rowed. There is a large and growing demand for all kinds of gemstones, especially brightly colored stones that can be worn as fashion accessories. Beaded jewelry has become an item of immense popularity; pearls have seen a huge revival.

Книга посвящена жизни и деятельности Александра Евгеньевича Ферсмана — выдающегося советского ученого. Крупнейший теоретик, один из основоположников геохимии, минералог с мировым именем, ученый-патриот, много сделавший для расширения минерально-сырьевой базы СССР, видный организатор советской науки, автор широко известных научно-популярных книг — таковы основные направления его многогранной деятельности.

The field of geotechnical earthquake engineering, like the related fields of engineering seismology and structural earthquake engineering in the broad discipline of earthquake engineering, has advanced dramatically since the first edition of this book was published. Advances have come with the occurrence and investigation of numerous earthquakes, both small and large, with the massive increases in computational power now at the hands of engineers and scientists, and with advances in the analytical tools that leverage those computational capabilities.

Caves occupy incongruous positions in both our culture and our science. The oldest records of modem human culture are the vivid cave paintings from southern France and northern Spain, which are in some cases more than 30,000 years old (Chauvet, et al, 1996). Yet, to call someone a "caveman" is to declare them primitive and ignorant. Caves, being cryptic and mysterious, occupied important roles in many cultures. For example, Greece, a country with abundant karst, had the oracle at Delphi and Hades the god of death working from caves. People are both drawn to and mortified by caves.

Освещены физико-механические свойства грунтов, геодинамичес-кие процессы и влияние их на сооружения, инженерно-геологические изыскания, распределение напряжений и деформаций грунтов в основаниях сооружений, устойчивость массивов грунтов.. Рассмотрены основные принципы и методы проектирования фундаментов, устройство фундаментов в особо сложных условиях, а также при динамических воздействиях, приемы упрочнения слабых грунтов оснований, особенности возведения и реконструкции фундаментов. Дана методика экономической оценки принимаемых решений. Настоящее издание дополнено специальным курсом инженерной геологии. Издание 1-е вышло в 1981 г.
Для студентов строительных вузов, обучающихся по специальности «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»