Geochemistry has led to numerous success stories in mineral exploration. From the relatively simple colorimetric stream sediment analysis through to sophisticated, high technology, isotope geochemical tools, exploration geochemistry has enjoyed a rapid growth and evolution during the second half of the twentieth century. But where is geochemistry heading in the new millennium? This is the issue that this conference seeks to address. <...>

The exact age of the earth is not known, but it is thought to be at least 4.5 billion years old Rocks and fossils (the remains of plants and animals preserved in the rocks) can be dated by measuring the decay rate of radioactive material that they contain. The number of radioactive particles given off by a substance during a certain time period provides a surprisingly accurate estimate of the age of the substance. The geologic past is measured by means of a geologic time chart. Each interval of time has been given a name so that a particular time in the past can be referred to more easily. Periods in history are referred to in terms such as “the ice age” “the iron age” and “the atomic age”. These time periods are measured in centuries or millennia at most. Intervals of geologic time, by contrast are measured in millions of years. For example, the dinosaurs became extinct about 70 million years ago. Another way to express it is “dinosaurs died at the end of the Cretaceous period.” <...>

With this book, we hope to introduce readers to the world of physical geology and to share with them the excitement of exploring Earth and the processes that formed it. We hope that readers of this book will gain a better understanding of Earth and an increased awareness of our planet. When traveling by airplane, a reader will appreciate how mountains, rivers, and deserts were formed, and what governs their locations, shapes, and textures.