The Earth sciences are a collection of disciplines that consider Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere, as well as the planet’s solid aspect, the geosphere. The academic disciplines concerned with the geosphere are collectively called the geological sciences, or geosciences. Each one considers different facets of Earth’s surface and interior, such as its rocks, minerals, and their chemistry, the evolution and role of its landforms, and its geologic history. Although most of the geosciences exist to develop a greater understanding of the parts and processes involved in the solid Earth, the subfield of economic geology takes as its mission the extraction of rocks and minerals and their conversion to useful products.<...>

Precambrian Belt Basin of Northwestern United States: Its Geometry, Sedimentation and Copper Occurrences Jack. E. Harrison
Heat Flow and Continuous Seismic Profiles in the Cayman Trough and Yucatan Basin  A.J. Erickson, С.E. Helsley, and G. Simmons
Coarse Sediment Transport by Flood Flows on Knik River, Alaska W.C. Bradley, R.K. Fahnestock, and E. T. Rowehamp
Chemical and Mineralogical Variations during Prograde Metamorphism, Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee G. C. Allen and P. C. Ragland
Palynological Evidence Bearing on the Ordovician—Silurian Paraconformity in Ohio  J. Gray and A. J. Boucot
Sediments of the Continental Margin off the Eastern United States  J.D. Milliman, О.H. Pilkpy, and D.A. Ross

The great classical tectcnicians, such as Suess, Argand and Wegener, att empted (0 und erstand. without the benefi t of the plate tecto nic theory. the workings of the Ea rth engine as a who le, and the part that deformation played in that who le. In my student days, I deri ved great pleasure and benefit from De Sitter's textbook on str uctural geology where the study of geo logical structures and major Earth structure received more or less equal rreatment. Since then, until relatively recently, there has been a tendency for str uctu ral geology to become more parochial and inward-looking, despite the enormous advances in understand ing that the plate tectonic revolutio n has brought abo ut. I have longfelt the need, therefo re, for a bo ok tha t would give students a tectonic overview in which geo logical structures and deformation could be seen in their context as byproducts of the plate tectonic system <...>

Геологическая служба Финляндии. Геология и петрология руд основных расслоенных интрузий Аканваара и Койтелайнен и расслоенного комплекса Кейвица-Сатоваара, северная Финляндия

The Akanvaara and Koitelainen intrusions, ca 2440 Ma old, represent a group of cratonic mafic layered intrusions (aged from 2500 to 2440 Ma) of the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield. These intrusions, which show all the standard types of igneous layering, host deposits of chromite, vanadium, titanium, platinum-group elements (PGE) and gold.
The cumulate stratigraphy in Akanvaara and Koitelainen reflects both normal tholeiitic fractionation and superimposed intermittent selective and wholesale contamination by anatectic salic melt (now granophyre) from the floor and the roof, and by refractory residual phases after anatexis of the roof rocks.