Добрый день, Коллеги. Важное сообщение, просьба принять участие. Музей Ферсмана ищет помощь для реставрационных работ в помещении. Подробности по ссылке
Giant (and super-giant) metallic deposits are defined as those that store the trace metal (and some major metal like Fe, Al) equivalent in 1011 (1012) tons of continental crust in Clarke (mean crust content) concentration. Deposits of metallic ores that have very contrasting Clarke values (like Fe, Cu and Au) can be compared on geochemical basis, with political-economic and technologic factors minimized. Under these terms, there are now 1171 giant and 137 supergiant accumulations of 37 metals worldwide, contained in 915 deposits, as several deposits have two or more giant metal accumulations (Olympic Dam has 5).
This book has been written for those interested in, and concerned about, the future sources of metals for the industry, and through it for the rapidly growing population of the world. At present over 95% of the industrial metals come from mines situated on land and the exceptionally large (giant or world-class) deposits contribute the bulk, regardless of where they are located: one of the most practically relevant lessons of globalization. This role of the oversize deposits is projected to persist until at least the end of this century, but finding them is going to be increasingly more costly and will require all the sophistication and effort the exploration community could muster. This requires a solid broad knowledge to identify prospective areas for more detailed exploration, or to evaluate mineral occurrences available for acquisition, based on the time-tested technique of geological analogy. The chance of finding an orebody by accidentally stumbling upon it, or by unsophisticated prospecting, has by now been severely reduced. As mineral exploration is, and will continue to be, mainly precedent-oriented activity, there has been a need for a comprehensive text to provide essential facts about the global distribution of metals now and in the future, above the textbook level.
As explained in Preface, this book is a selfcontained member of a broader knowledge system on the world's mineral deposits and their settings I have been developing and experimenting with for more than 40 years. It is a product of global firsthand information gathering in the field and "data mining" from the literature, followed by sorting and organization into interrelated sets searchable and accessible by the rapidly evolving techniques of modern information technology.
The giant outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (Figure 1.1)—are by far the largest planetary bodies in the solar system and together comprise 99.56% of the planetary mass. Although very far from the Earth, the enormous physical size of Jupiter and Saturn meant that these planets were easily visible to the ancients. However, the other two “giants”, Uranus and Neptune, are significantly smaller and so much farther from the Earth that they were unknown before the advent of telescopes, although Uranus is in fact just visible to the naked eye. Uranus was discovered by accident in 1781 by William Herschel (1738-1822) (later Sir William Herschel). Perturbations in the observed orbit of Uranus led John Couch Adams (1819-1892) and Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (1811-1877) to independently predict the presence of a further planet, and Neptune was subsequently discovered close to its predicted position by Johann Gottfried Galle (1812-1910) in 1846. The mean observable properties of the outer planets are listed in Table 1.1. <...>
The Lost World was a work of fiction by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the author of the Sherlock Holmes stories, but it was based on the newly made discovery of actual isolated plateaus in the Amazonian jungles of South America inhabited by unique creatures unknown to science. Not even Doyle could have imagined the extinct gigantic creatures that really did exist in the prehistoric past of South America. <...>
В настоящее учебное пособие включены следующие объекты изучения «Гидрогеологии»: цель и задачи науки «Гидрогеология», значение подземных вод, история развития науки, поиск подземных вод и их использование. в нужном месте, круговорот воды в природе, содержание воды в горных породах и виды воды в почвах, типы подземных вод по условиям формирования и залегания, гидрогеологическая карта и разрезы, межпластовые воды, артезианские водные ресурсы, артезианские бассейны в на территории нашей Республики отражены физические свойства и минеральный состав подземных вод, оценка качества подземных вод, закономерности движения подземных вод, родники, гидрогеологическая разведка, запасы подземных вод, значение подземных вод в горных работах
GIS Applications in Agriculture, Volume Four: Conservation Planning, edited by Tom Mueller and Gretchen F. Sassenrath, is the fourth volume in the book series GIS Applications in Agriculture, which is designed to enhance the application and use of geographic information systems (GISs) in agriculture by providing detailed GIS applications that are useful to scientists, educators, students, consultants, and farmers. The first volume, GIS Applications in Agriculture, edited by Francis J. Pierce and David Clay, was published by CRC Press in 2007. The second volume, GIS Applications in Agriculture: Nutrient Management for Improved Energy Efficiency, edited by David Clay and John Shanahan, and the third volume, GIS Applications in Agriculture: Invasive Species, edited by Sharon Clay, were published by CRC Press in 2011. While the newest book in this series, the idea of a book on conservation planning using GIS was identified in 2007 when the book series began. Intuitively, conservation planning through GIS applications should appeal to all conservationists who clearly understand that a key to achieving soil and water conservation is rooted in an understanding of the spatial and temporal variation in both soil and water resources and natural and human-induced forces that affect the quality and quantity of those resources. <...>
If those of us in the geographic information system (GIS) realm have disregarded design in the past, we are now coming to realize that the elegant display of geographic data is as important as the data itself. Some resistance may be introduced when we talk about making a map look pretty; and rightly so. But elegance in mapping goes well beyond making a map look attractive. In this text, I explain exactly how to convey information to serve up the facts, hold the viewer’s attention, avoid potential confusion, and provide all the necessary metadata. Even with no prior experience in cartography, you can learn how to create maps with these qualities by studying these pages. Let’s begin. <...>
