As the need grows for conceptualization, formalization, and abstraction in biology,so too does math- ematics’relevance to the field (Fagerström et al. 1996).Math- ematics is particularly important for analyzing and characterizing random variation of, for example,size and weight of individuals in populations,their sensitivity to chemicals, and time-to-event cases, such as the amount of time an individ- ual needs to recover from illness.The frequency distribution of such data is a major factor determining the type of statistical analysis that can be validly carried out on any data set. Many widely used statistical methods,such as ANOVA (analysis of variance) and regression analysis,require that the data be normally distributed, but only rarely is the frequency distribution of data tested when these techniques are used. <...>

The concept of longwall mining in the United States dates back to the late 19th century when wide faces were used for coal extraction in the Pittsburgh seam. But modern, fully mechanized longwall mining employing plows and frame supports was first introduced from West Germany in the early 1950s in southern West Virginia. It was used mainly for thin seam mining. During the 1950s and 1960s, the practice did not expand. In fact, due to its poor performance, only a few mines in southern West Virginia employed this technique.

Metamorphism is broadly a process of solid-state change in the mineralogy, texture and chemistry of rocks in the Earth's crust. It provides a powerful record of change in the Earth's most active settings where metamorphism has proceeded in response to global tectonics.

Нижний карбон Санкт-Петербургского региона (северо-запад России) / Полевой путеводитель XVIII Международного конгресса по каменноугольному и пермскому периодам. Санкт-Петербург, 8-10 августа.

Lower Carboniferous deposits are distributed within a wide area of the northwestern part of the Moscow basin. They have been known for many years as the source of mineral deposits of bauxite, brown coal, and other industrial minerals, including fireproof clays and building materials as the most important. 
The geologic investigation of these Lower Carboniferous deposits began more than 200 years ago. Many well-known geologists and academicians such as S. G. Gmelin, S. F. Olivieri, G. P. Gelmersen, R. Murchison, E. Verneuil, N. P. Barbot de Marni, E. Eichwald, A.A. Inostrantsev, and P. A. Zamyatchensky made the first step in the geological investigation of the region, laid thefoundation of the stratigraphy of the Lower Carboniferous strata of the northwestern part of the Moscow basin.