Central America comprises 7 countries (Fig. 1.1) that cover 50 million hectares extending over different ecoregions (Fig. 1.2a) and shelter nearly 39 million people (2003). With a relatively high population density (71 inhabitants/km2), Central America is one of the world’s regions most prone to geology-related and climaterelated natural disasters. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, which are related to the Central American tectonic setting, and landslides, which are either earthquake induced or rainfall-related, are the most severe geological burdens of the region. Central America also is afflicted by several climatic hazards, particularly droughts and hurricanes, which may be accompanied by secondary hazards, including high winds, flooding and landslides. 

Since the earliest days of NMR, it has been recognized that the technique can provide information on matters concerning the disposition of atoms in the unit cells of crystals. Thus, the distance between protons in the water molecules of gypsum, CaSO4 · 2H2O, was determined by Pake and reported as 1.58 A in 1948. However, the term NMR crystallography has only recently come into common usage, and even now causes raised eyebrows within some parts of the diffraction community. On the other hand, the power of solid-state NMR to give crystallographic information has considerably increased since the CPMAS suite of techniques was introduced in 1976.

Qingjie Gong and Zeming Shi
Special Issue on New Advances and Illustrations in Applied Geochemistry in China
Jie Li, Bimin Zhang, Qingjie Gong, Hanliang Liu and Ningqiang Liu
Microscopic Morphology and Indicative Significance of Nanoscale Au Particles in Soils and Fault Muds: A Case Study of Jiaojia, Shandong Province
Ming Kang, Huanzhao Guo, Wende Zhu, Xianrong Luo and Jianwen Yang
The Improvement and Application of the Geoelectrochemical Exploration Method 
Bing Zhou, Zhixue Zhang, Zeming Shi, Hao Song and Linsong Yu

Oil, natural gas, and oilfield water are all stored in the pores of underground rocks. Influenced by their sources and geological factors, their chemical compositions and physical properties vary from one region to another. Understanding the basic properties of oil, gas, and water is of great significance for clarifying the formation, migration, and accumulation patterns of oil and gas, and for developing rational exploitation and processing plans. This chapter mainly introduces the chemical composition, physical properties, and classification of petroleum, natural gas, and oilfield water. It also briefly discusses the stable isotopes in oil and gas, particularly the compositional characteristics of stable carbon isotopes. <...>

Humankind first began to create imagery as a means of communication some 7,500 years ago. The writing, back then, was literally on the wall. It began with cave art, and then was engraved into stone blocks. These first protolanguages used pictures as literal depictions of events, and this evolved into a system of simpler symbols that were representative of the sounds used in speech.

Пособие разработано в соответствии с программой дисциплины и ФГОС ВО Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом высшего образования; представляет курс лекций, в котором рассмотрены основные положения геологии: общие сведения о строении Земли, геологических процессах формирования и истории развития нашей планеты; изложены особенности строения и состава земной коры, дана характеристика минералов и горных пород, слагающих земную кору. Рассмотрены эндогенные и экзогенные процессы формирования рельефа.
Предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 21.03.01. Нефтегазовое дело.

Keynote paper. Mechanics of landslides. P. R. VAUGHAN
Determination of soil strength parameters for the analysis of highway slope failures.
G. I. CRABB and J. H. ATKINSON
Stability analysis of a complex landslide under static and dynamic conditions. A. CANCELLI,
G.    CROSTA and P. ROMANI
Residual strength of volcanic clay. D. H. CORNFORTH and K. F. FUJUANI
Tension cracks and slope failure. R. N. CHOWDHURY and S. ZHANG —
Observation of Graben geometry in landslides. D. M. CRUDEN, S. THOMSON andB. A. HOFFMANN
A model for prediction of piezometric levels in landslides. R. FELL, T. G. CHAPMAN and P.K. MAGUIRE
Calculation procedures for slope stability analyses involving negative pore-water pressures.
H.    RAHARDJO and D. G. FREDLUND

Jianchao Cai, Shuyu Sun, Ali Habibi and Zhien Zhang
Emerging Advances in Petrophysics:    Porous Media Characterization and Modeling of
Multiphase Flow
Yuming Liu, Bo Shen, Zhiqiang Yang and Peiqiang Zhao
Pore Structure Characterization and the Controlling Factors of the Bakken Formation 
Xixin Wang, Jiagen Hou, Yuming Liu, Ling Ji, Jian Sun and Xun Gong
Impacts of the Base-Level Cycle on Pore Structure of Mouth Bar Sand Bars: A Case Study of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Hongwei Zhou, Di Liu, Gang Lei, Dongjie Xue and Yang Zhao

Preface
Outcrop studies
Stephenson, B. J., Koopman, A., Hillgartner, H., McQuillan, H„ Bourne, S.,
Noad, J. J. & Rawnsley, K. Structural and stratigraphic controls on fold-related fracturing in the Zagros Mountains, Iran: implications for reservoir development
Wennberg, O. P„ Azizzadeh, M., Aqrawi, A. A. M., Blanc, E., Brockbank, P„
Lyslo, К. В., Pickard, N., Salem, L. D. & Svana, T. The Khaviz Anticline: an outcrop analogue to giant fractured Asmari Formation reservoirs in SW Iran
Woodcock, N. H., Dickson, J. A. D. & Tarasewicz, J. Р. T. Transient permeability and reseal hardening in fault zones: evidence from dilation breccia textures
Rotevatn, A., Fossen, H., Hesthammer, J., Aas, T. E. & Howell, J. A.
Are relay ramps conduits for fluid flow? Structural analysis of a relay ramp in Arches National Park, Utah Geophysics
Worthington, M. H. & Lubbe, R. The scaling of fracture compliance
Emsley, S. J., Shiner, P., Enescu, N., Beccacini, A. & Cosma, C. Using VSP surveys to bridge the scale gap between well and seismic data
Pettitt, W. S. & King, M. S. Laboratory measurements of acoustic emissions and wave velocities associated with the formation of fractures in sandstones

Numerical and analogue modelling studies
Olson, J. E., Laubach, S. E. & Lander, R. H. Combining diagenesis and mechanics to quantify fracture aperture distributions and fracture pattern permeability

The main volcanological concept is shown and expressed so that any volcano can be understood easily. Volcanic products are listed and explained in plain language from lava flow to various pyroclastic products. The volcanic products have been explained schematically and their textural, field relationships characteristics are highlighted. The origin of magma within the interior of the Earth is also explained and the link between mantle and crust has been shown. The relationship among crust, mantle, and core has been highlighted embracing the source-to-surface model. An updated explanation of the Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDC) has been done to perceive their danger. Some of the most successful Volcanology books have been used. This will help the students, with a passion for Volcanology, to understand the principles of Volcanology. <...>