Discoveries of new types of marine mineral occurrences during the last decade, and specifically the massive sulfide deposits at spreading ridges on the ocean floor, have significantly advanced geologic concepts about the origin of ore deposits in a very short period of time. These discoveries also renewed interest in all marine mineral occurrences including the well-known manganese nodules, and led to more wide-ranging and thorough examination of cobalt-rich manganese crusts, expanded mapping of phosphorites of continental shelves, and the initiation of several new surveys for placer minerals in shallow waters. The result of these activities is already noticeable in an increasingly broader variety of minerals being found on and below the ocean floor.  <...>
Report of the working group on placer minerals

Report of the working group on marine phosphorites

Report of the working group on manganese nodules and crusts

Report of the working group on marine sulfides

Sedimentary models to estimate the heavy-mineral potential of shelf sediments

Exploring the offshore area of N.E. Greece for placer deposits

Marine placers: Reconnaissance exploration technology

The development of techniques for marine geological surveys

Model of Tertiary phosphorites on the world's continental margins

Open-ocean phosphorites: In a class by themselves?

Some mineral resources of the West African continental shelves related to Holocene shorelines: Phosphorite (Gabon, Congo), glauconite (Congo) and ilmenite (Senegal, Mauritania)

Exploration and genesis of submarine phosphorite deposits from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand: A review

Controls on the nature and distribution of manganese nodules in the western Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Growth history and variability of manganese nodules of the Equatorial North Pacific

Chemistry and growth history of central Pacific Mn-crusts and their economic importance

Geochemical methods in manganese nodule exploration

Analysis and metallurgy of manganese nodules and crusts

Nodule exploration: Accomplishments, needs and problems

Deep-ocean near-bottom surveying techniques

Seafloor polymetallic sulfides: Scientific curiosities or mines of the future?

Sulfide deposits of the seafloor: Geological models and resource perspectives based on studies in ophiolite sequencesRecent hydrothermal metal accumulation, products, and condi tions of formation

The chemistry of submarine oTrace element and precious metal concentrations in East Pacific Rise, Cyprus and Red Sea submarine sulfide depositsre-forming solutions

Possibility of mineral enrichment in the Black Sea

Seafloor volcanism and polymetallic sulfide deposits in ancient active margins: The case of the Iberian pyrite belt

Scientific rationale for establishing long-term ocean bottom observatory/laboratory systems

Electrical methods in the exploration of seafloor mineral deposits

Sources of confusion: What ~re marine mineral resources?

Thoughts on appraising marine mineral resources

Estimation of the probability of occurrence of polymetallic massive sulfide deposits on the ocean floor

Resource assessments, geological deposit models and offshore minerals with an example of heavy-mineral sands

Aspects of marine placer minerals: Economic potential of coastal deposits in Italy, testing procedures and market condi tions

Geostatistical problems in marine placer exploration

Geostatistical reserve modeling and mining simulation of the Atlantis II Deep's metalliferous sediments

An investigation of the applicability of trend surface analysis to marine exploration geochemistry

After decades of using only one map projection, the Polyconic, for its mapping program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) now uses several of the more common projections for its published maps. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the State Base Map Series, conformal projections such as the Transverse Mercator and the Lambert Conformal Conic are used. Equal-area and equidistant projections appear in the National Atlas.

Laboratory Manual in Physical Geology is the most widely adopted, user-friendly manual available for teaching laboratories in introductory geology and geoscience. The manual has been produced under the auspices of the American Geological Institute (AG1) and the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT). It is backed up by an Internet site, GeoTools (ruler, protractor, UTM grids, sediment grain size scale, etc.), Instructor Resource Guide, Instructor Transparency Set, and an Instructor Resource Center (IRC) on CD-ROM.

Laboratory Manual in Physical Geology is the most widely adopted, user-friendly manual available for teaching laboratories in introductory geology and geoscience. The manual has been produced under the auspices of the American Geological Institute (AGI) and the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT). It is backed up by an Internet site, GeoTools (ruler, protractor, UTM grids, sediment grain-size scale, etc.), Instructor Resource Guide, Instructor Slide Set, Instructor Transparency Set, and a Digital Image Gallery (DIGIT) CD-ROM.'

Although (Soddy, Nature 92:399–400, 1913) inferred the existence of isotopes early last century, it was not until the discovery of the neutron by (Chadwick, Nature 129:312, 1932) that isotopes were understood to result from differing numbers of neutrons in atomic nuclei. (Urey, J Chem Soc 1947:562–581, 1947) predicted that different isotopes would behave slightly differently in chemical (and physical) reactions due to mass differences, leading to the concept of isotopic fractionation.

This report is a product of the Committee on USGS Water Resources Research, which provides consensus advice to the Water Resources Division (WRD) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on scientific, research, and programmatic issues. The committee is one of the groups that works under the auspices of the Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) of the National Research Council.

The mechanical properties of minerals constitute a very little investigated field of study compared with other areas of mineral physics. The minerals for w hich all crystallomechanical parameters are known are few, and until now it has not been possible to state unequivocally whether one mechanical property alone could be adequately used in defining most minerals. For this reason, it is essential that the mechanical properties and deformations of minerals be investigated, treating mineral crystallomechanics as a section of mineralogy of importance equal to crystallo-optics and crystallochem-istry. for example. <...>

Carbon dioxide was first identified around the middle of the 18th century by Joseph Black (1728-1799), a Scottish, in the framework of his studies to get the degree in medicine at the University of Edinburgh. Results of Black's chemical investigations were published in 1756 under the title Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quick-lime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances (Leicester, 1956). <...>