Inverse solutions are key problems in many natural sciences. They form the basis of our understanding of the world surrounding us. Whenever we try to learn something about physical laws, the internal structure of the earth or the nature of the Universe, we collect data and try to extract the required information from these data. This is the actual solution of the inverse problem.

The intent of Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics—Physical and Numerical Aspects is to introduce its readers to the principles governing air and water flows on large terrestrial scales and to the methods by which these flows can be simulated on the computer.

'Verrucano' and 'Pseudoverrucano' in the Central-Western Mediterranean Alpine Chains: palaeogeographical evolution and geodynamic significance

'Transgressive washing' concept: a sequence stratigraphic approach for calci- and siliciclastic turbidites

Aptian sedimentation: an example of interaction between tectonics and eustatics in Central Tunisia

Synsedimentary tectonics of the Triassic Carbonate Formation of the Oujda Mountains (Eastern Meseta, Morocco): geodynamic implications

Recent palaeostresses from striated pebbles related to fold development in a mountain front: the Prerif Ridges (Rif Cordillera, Morocco)

The applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to petroleum expb ration and production have become more and more important in recent years. The development of the NMR logging technology and the NMR applications to core analysis and formation evaluation have been very rapid and extensive. Part of this book was a collection of many lecture notes written over the years for Chevron in-house training purposes. As we started writing, the scope of the book gradually broadened.

This chapter describes the difficulties associated with formation evaluation in thinly bedded sandstone reservoirs and outlines the existing technology that has been applied to these difficulties. Chapter 2 introduces our integrated approach to evaluating hydrocarbon pore-thickness in thinly bedded clastic reservoirs.

Many terms are introduced in these two chapters through examples and informal definitions: for example, earth models, bed types, logging tool forward models, convolution, inversion, statistical earth models, and Monte Carlo inversion. These topics are discussed more thoroughly in Chapters 6 through 10, and the integrated approach is described in detail in Chapters 11 through 13. <...>

Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids (gases, liquid hydrocarbons, and aqueous solutions). The geologic material forming a reservoir for the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface must contain a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores in order to store the fluids and allow for their movement within the reservoir.

Mathematical astrophysics and mathematical geophysics have their own journals and conferences, where practitioners discuss mathematical formulations that come to grips with the physical processes of the cosmos and planet Earth. Mathematical petrophysics is by no means new. It started in 1942 with the publication of an equation: the Archie equation.

Shale Oil represents a huge additional global fossil fuel resource. However, extracting oil from the shale is no simple task; much still needs to be understood to make the process more cost-effective to increase economic flow rates. Clear and rigorous, Oil Shale Production Process will prove useful for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of fossil fuels. Not only does the book discuss the production processes but also provides methods which should reduce environmental footprint by properly addressing: surface mining and extraction processes, in situ conversion process and hydrotreatment.

Part I: Shale and Clay Overview

1. Mudrock Components and the Genesis of Bulk Rock Properties: Review of Current Advances and Challenges Kitty L. Milliken and Nicholas W.Hayman

2. Chemical Composition of Formation Water in Shale and Tight Reservoirs: A Basin‐Scale Perspective Yousif Kharaka, Kathleen Gans, Elisabeth Rowan, James Thordsen, Christopher Conaway, Madalyn Blondes, and Mark Engle

3. From Nanofluidics to Basin‐Scale Flow in Shale: Tracer Investigations Yifeng Wang

4. Metals in Oil and Gas‐Bearing Shales: Are They Potential (Future) Ore Deposits? Mark J. Rigali and James L. Krumhansl

It is virtually impossible to overstate the importance of the successful development of shale gas and tight oil to the energy economy of the United States. According to data tracked by the US Energy Information Agency (EIA), by 2009, shale gas had led the United States from natural gas shortages to becoming the largest producer of natural gas in the world (USEIA, 2018). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals constructed on the US East Coast at the start of the 21st century for energy imports were converted less than a decade later to export LNG to Europe and elsewhere. The Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian basin is now the most productive natural gas formation in the United States (Fig. I.1). <...>