Why do earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and landslides happen? What causes mountains to rise? How do beautiful landscapes develop? How have climate and life changed through time? When did the Earth form, and by what process? Where do we dig to find valuable metals, and where do we drill to find oil? Does sea level change? Do continents move? The study of geology addresses these important questions and many more. But from the birth of the discipline, in the late 18th century, until the mid-20th century, geologists considered each question largely in isolation, without pondering its relation to the others.

Economic geology is a mixtum compositum of all geoscientific disciplines focused on one goal, finding new mineral depsosits and enhancing their exploitation. The keystones of this mixtum compositum are geology and mineralogy whose studies are centered around the emplacement of the ore body and the developmentof its minerals and rocks. In the present study, mineralogy and geology act as x- and y-coordinates of a classification chart of mineral resources called the “chessboard” (or “s preadsheet”) classification scheme. Magmatic and sedimentary lithologies together with tectonic structures (1-D/pipes, 2-D/veins) are plotted along the x-axis in the header of the spreadsheet diagram representing the columns in this chart diagram. 63 commodity groups, encompassing minerals and elements are plotted along the y-axis, forming the lines of the spreadsheet. These commodities are subjected to a tripartite subdivision into ore minerals, industrial minerals/rocks and gemstones/ornamental stones. <...>

The productions of our globe naturally distribute themselves into three grand divisions, the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral or Inorganic; and our knowledge of the various kinds of objects in these departments constitutes the natural sciences, Zoology, Botany, and Mineralogy.

At the heart of crystallography lies an object – the crystal. Crystallography is concerned with the laws governing the crystalline state of solid materials, with the arrangement of atoms in crystals, and with their physical and chemical properties, their synthesis and their growth. <...>

This is the fifth book in the Developments in Petroleum Science series since it incorporated the Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production in 2013. After books on geophysics, stratigraphic reservoir characterisation, petrophysics and integrated sand management, we now switch our attention to core analysis.

The engineer designing such soil structures as embankments, dams, or building foundations should be able to predict the safety of these against collapse or excessive deformation under various loading conditions which are deemed possible. On occasion, he may have to apply his predictive knowledge to events in natural soil or rock outcrops, subject perhaps to new, man-made conditions. Typical of this is the disastrous collapse of the mountain (Mount Toc) bounding the Vajont reservoir which occurred on 9 October 1963 in Italy (Müller 1965). Figure 1.1 shows both a sketch indicating the extent of the failure and a diagram indicating the cross section of the encountered ground movement. <...>

В книге приведены сведения о механических свойствах горных пород, описаны способы испытаний пород и типовое оборудование. Рассмотрены теории прочности горных пород, механизм прочности неоднородных и трещиноватых структур, деформационные реологические свойства пород, а также ускоренные методы их определения. Большое внимание уделено обоснованию и изложению методики и техники лабораторных и натурных испытаний горных пород.

Книга рассчитана на инженерно-технических работников производства, научно-исследовательских и проектных институтов, преподавателей и студентов вузов горного и строительного профиля

It is important that research outcomes be disseminated in a useful form to the clients of the research, and to the community at large if appropriate. The research monograph is a traditional mechanism for reporting substantial bodies of research which, taken together, advance the field to a significant degree. In 1996 the JKMRC published two such monographs, on comminution and blasting, in a series on mining and mineral processing. The present volume continues the series.

The Be mineral beryl and its colored variants emerald, aquamarine, and “chrysoberyl” (= golden beryl, not the present chrysoberyl) were known to the ancients, and Pliny the Elder had noted that many persons considered emerald and beryl “to be of the same nature” (Sinkankas 1981, p. 20; also Dana 1892; Weeks and Leicester 1968). However, not until 1798 was it realized that beryl contained a previously unknown constituent; analyses before then yielded only silica, alumina, lime and minor iron oxide (Vauquelin 1798; Anonymous 1930; Weeks and Leicester 1968; Greenwood and Earnshaw 1997).

This book is intended to be a complete and clear introduction to the field of crystallography for undergraduate and graduate students and lecturers in physics, chemistry, biology, materials and earth sciences, or engineering. It includes an extensive discussion of the 14 Bravais lattices and the reciprocal to them, basic concepts of point group symmetry, the crystal structure of elements and binary compounds, and much more. Besides that, the reader can find up-to-date values for the lattice constants of most elements and about 650 binary compounds (half of them containing rare earth metals). The entire notation in this book is consistent with the International Tables for Crystallography. <...>