The classification of minerals has changed throughout the ages, the criterion of classification following the development of the mineralogical science. In ancient times, the classification of minerals was mainly based on their practical purposes. According to Theophrastus (372-287 B.C.), and Plinius (77 A.D.), minerals were classified as gemstones, ores, pigments, etc. In the Middle Ages, Geber (Jabir Ibn Hayyi'm, 721-c.803), proposed a classification based on the external characteristics and some physical properties of minerals such as hardness, fusibility, malleability and fracture; this physical classification was developed later by  Avicenna (Ibn Simi, 980-1037), and Agricola (1546). With Werner (1774) the physical classification attained its maturity and was generally adopted at the end of the XVIII century. <...>

Since the first edition of 3D Seismic Survey Design appeared in 2002, seismic data acquisition has seen many changes, most of which have been captured in this second edition. This book by Gijs Vermeer describes in detail the properties of 3D acquisition geometries and shows how these properties naturally lead to the 3D symmetric sampling approach to 3D survey design. Many examples from the literature are used to illustrate good and less good choices of acquisition parameters. The link between survey parameters and noise suppression as well as imaging is an intrinsic part of the contents. This book should be of great interest to the designer of 3D seismic surveys, but also to every geophysicist who uses 3D seismic data to retrieve accurate information on the properties of the subsurface. <...>

The study of sediments and sedimentary rocks has come a long way from the early days Of field observations followed by a cursory examination of samples in the laboratory. Now many sophisticated techniques are applied to data collected in the field and to specimens back in the laboratory. Some of these techniques have been brought in from other branches of the earth sciences, while some have been specifically developed by sedimentologists.

The fascination of petroleum geology lies both in its complexity and in its importance to society. There is still much that we do not understand; and there is much to learn if remaining undiscovered reserves of oil and gas are to be found economically. It is also good geology with a healthy practical component. The great advances in geological thought and understanding in the 19th Century were based largely on the construction of coal mines, railways and canals. But this was almost two-dimensional geology of the land, bounded by the low-tide line. In the last 30 years or so, geology has moved offshore onto the continental shelves and ocean floors, largely under the stimulus of petroleum exploration, and with it has grown a great wealth of geological information. <...>

Со времени издания труда основоположника отечественной океанографии Почетного члена АН СССР Ю. М. Шокальского «Океанография» прошло более 40 лет. Несмотря на необычайно быстрый прогресс естествознания вообще и мореведческих наук в частности, труд Ю. М. Шокальского продолжает сохранять многие выдающиеся достоинств г фундаментального географического произведения.

В отечественной и зарубежной литературе нет океанографических обобщений, которые бы выгодно отличались от «Океанографии» Ю. М. Шокальского и могли заменить ее. У старого поколения океанографов труд Ю. М. Шокальского до сих пор остается лучшей настольной книгой по океанографии, а учащаяся молодежь уже не одно десятилетие с горечью отмечает, что это выдающееся произведение отечественной океанографии стало библиографической редкостью. <...>

При составленіи настоящаго труда л руководился цѣлью описать явленія, происходящія въ океанѣ, и вмѣстѣ съ тѣлъ дать картину ихъ взаимодѣйствія, чтобы читатели могли получить представленіе о томъ большомъ значеніи Мірового океана для земного шара, какое онъ имѣетъ въ природѣ и которое для жителей столь большой страны, какъ Россія, представляющей 1 : 6 долю всей суши, не всегда видно <...>

A velocity model can have enduring and growing interpretive value, beyond its initial creation as a means to optimize the seismic image. The 3D velocity model is often built carefully with a combination of geophysical and geological input, because of the accuracy demands placed on it by the requirements of depth imaging. As such, this model becomes an increasingly effective interpretive tool.
This course addresses the ways in which the interpreter should participate in the development of the velocity model, and underscores its interpretive value with numerous case study examples. <...>

Популярный рассказ для старшеклассников о профессии геологов, о радости новых открытий, о драгоценных россыпях полезных ископаемых Сибири и Забайкалья.

The term geology is a combination of two Greek expressions: “Geo” refers to the Earth, and “logos” refers to the logic and language used to explain your observations. So think of geology as a way to organize and explain the Earth processes that we see all around us. For some of the strange shapes we see, an educated explanation would be great. Most of what we know is good guesswork, based on lab experiments and inferences that take many detailed drawings to explain and a lifetime to understand. Fortunately, the more you see, the better things fall into place. <...>

Предлагаемая работа является очерком геологии восточной оконечности Крымских гор в пределах между Феодосией, Старым Крымом и Огузами. 

Главная гряда Крымского хребта в этих местах резко понижается. Её высокие, расчлененный гребни, с крутыми лесистыми склонами и оголенными вершинами, заканчиваются в районе Карадага.

С последними скалистыми обрывами исчезает горный рельеф хребта, он быстро превращается в невысокие безлесые гряды и пологие возвышенности, оканчивающиеся восточнее двумя выдающимися в море мысами <...>