Soils can act as a sink for anthropogenic and naturally released heavy metals. Among these are heavy metal oxides and sulfides, which are emitted e.g. by mining industry and metal smelting. The dissolution and transformation behavior of these heavy metal phases specifies their fate in the soil and determines whether the metals become bioavailable or could contaminate the groundwater. To gain more information about these dissolution reactions in soils, in-situ methods are needed. We present here a method to fix particulate metal phases on an inert support. This method allows us to expose and recover metal phases in the environment under controlled conditions.

Most simply put, taphonomy is the study of processes affecting the transition of the remains of past living organisms and their traces into the lithosphere as seen in the prehistoric record. It has many aspects, from processes affecting individual organisms to those affecting whole communities, but at its most basic level, the processes on which taphonomic interpretations are based are the same. Process is thus defined as the action of a taphonomic agent (Lyman 1994a), the agent being the immediate cause of modifications. The evidence by which process is identified in the fossil record is the effect it has on fossils, the biological, chemical and physical modifications preserved on the fossils. These modifications may be identified and interpreted through comparisons with observed processes produced by known agents acting on previously unmodified bones at the present time, either in experimentally controlled conditions or by naturalistic monitoring projects where agents and processes are known. <...>

Geochemistry utilizes the principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms regulating the workings – past and present – of the major geological systems such as the Earth’s mantle, its crust, its oceans, and its atmosphere. Geochemistry only really came of age as a science in the 1950s, when it was able to provide geologists with the means to analyze chemical elements or to determine the abundances of isotopes, and more significantly still when geologists, chemists, and physicists managed to bridge the chasms of mutual ignorance that had separated their various fields of inquiry.

Работа К. М. Султанова — палеонтолого-геологическое исследование. Стратиграфические выводы, к которым приходит автор, основаны на тщательном изучении и точном, в соответствии с новейшей систематикой, определении послойно собранных остатков ископаемых организмов. (Кстати сказать, ему, по нашему мнению, нельзя поставить в упрек сохранение старых и общепринятых в советской научной литературе родовы;х названий, ныне заменяемых некоторыми исследователями другими—с недостаточно проверенной ссылкой на приоритет этих последних; нам кажется несколько спорной целесообразность замены таких родовых названий, как Modiola, Syndesmya [Syndesmia], Corbula соответственно названиями Musculus, Abra. <...>

Ce travail, commencé en mars 1908, a été achevé en août 1913. M. le professeur Schardt, qui avait lui-même étudié le Salève durant son séjour à Genève, nous poussait à faire une étude détaillée de cette chaîne, ayant reconnu que les études antérieures étaient incomplètes. D’autre part, depuis longtemps, M. Bedot, directeur du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, nous engageait à publier une description géologique des montagnes des environs de Genève. Ces suggestions nous ont décidés à entreprendre une étude détaillée du Salève et des Pitons, en limitant nos recherches au territoire figuré sur la carte de Perron.La découverte d’une erreur de date ancienne, concernant la limite des systèmes jurassique et crétacé, nous a conduits à pousser aussi loin que possible l’étude stratigraphique, qui est particulièrement favorisée par la disposition des couches dans la montagne qui nous occupe. On y peut voir, en effet, sur une épaisseur de 600 mètres, une série horizontale de couches échelonnées de la base du Kimeridgien au Barrémien inférieur, dans des affleurements où les moindres couches sont visibles, ce qui permet de prendre des mesures exactes de leur puissance. <...>

Ammonoids are the quintessential fossils, seemingly covering all the major themes of paleontology. Method and theory of stratigraphic correlation using fossils? Albert Oppel, whose concepts of zonation were explicated and applied by W. J. Arkell exhaustively in his monumental works on the Jurassic System, immediately spring to mind-works based virtually exclusively on the stratigraphic distributions of ammonoid species. Evolution? W. Waagen leaps to mind, applying the term “mutation” to his ammonoid lineages, and thus introducing the word to the scientific literature well before geneticists co-opted “mutation” for their own, starkly different, use. <...>

An evolution in applied mineralogy related to processing began in the mid 1960's, and significantly modified the scope of the field. Many new instruments were developed and enabled applied mineralogists to accurately determine a wider array of mineral characteristics than was previously possible. The results had a major impact on processing, and many operations now use applied mineralogy as a standard tool. The expanded scope of applied mineralogy made one realize that a dedicated mineralogist is essential at most large mining operations; a person who performs applied mineralogy as an adjunct to other duties can no longer develop the breadth of knowledge and experience that is required to recognize and determine mineral properties that affect different processes. It is also recognized that, to be able to assess what to look for, the applied mineralogist should be a member of a team performing investigations. <...>

In his foreword to "Soft Computing for Reservoir Characterization and Modeling", Dr. Bertrand Braunschweig posed the question: "What's next?". In this companion volume, the authors have provided an imaginative and comprehensive answer. They have extended the application of soft computing techniques to methodologies used for oil exploration in general and have indicated how these increasingly popular methodologies can be integrated with our more traditional industry techniques. In this collection of articles you will find contributions from largely diverse disciplines, ranging from geostatistics and time lapse seismic to biostratigraphy and core analysis. <...>

Сейсморазведка играет выдающуюся роль в поисках углеводородов, и состоит из трех основных стадий: регистрации данных, их обработки и интерпретации. Эта книга предназначена для оказания помощи интерпретатору, который знает основы методик, используемых в обработке сейсмических данных. В частности, акцент делается на практических аспектах анализа данных.