The approach in Part 2 of this book builds on the various geoscience and engineering methodologies and technologies presented in the first volume. Part 1 presented fundamentals of geologic and engineering concepts for characterizing and evaluating carbonate reservoirs using a wide range of scales. Carbonate rocks are not homogeneous or isotropic in their properties. Hence, porosity, fluid saturation, bed thickness, and carbonate rock types show very little uniformity throughout reservoirs. Permeability, in most cases, also is strongly anisotropic in carbonate reservoirs.

Geological hazard and the lack of appropriate survey, design and construction instruments for tackling those terrains we call “difficult”, with good prospects of success, have always made the design and construction of underground works a risky affair, which could not therefore be faced with the same degree of accuracy as other civil engineering works. As a consequence they have always occupied a subordinate position with respect to similar surface constructions and in the past they were only resorted to when the latter seemed impractical or of little use.

We perceive a trend in the study and practice of groundwater hydrology. We see a science that is emerging from its geological roots and its early hydraulic applications into a full-fledged environmental science. We see a science that is becoming more interdisciplinary innature and of greater importance in the affairs of mano This book is ourresponse to these perceived trends. We have tried to provide a text that is suited to the study of groundwater during this period of emergence. We have made a consCÍous attempt to integrate geology and hydrology, physics and chemistry, and science and engineering to a greater degree than has been done in the past. 

In high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, highly siderophile and strongly chalophile elements can be defined as strongly preferring metal or sulfide, respectively, relative to silicate or oxide phases. The highly siderophile elements (HSE) comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, and Au and are defined by their extreme partitioning (>104) into the metallic 

Die cyansauren Salze pflegt man bekanntlich von der Isocyansäure, d. i. dem Carbimid: =C=NH^ abzuleiten, während für die den rhodanwasserstoffsauren Salzen zugrunde liegende Säure die Constitution: N^C—SH angenommen wird, analog der normalen Cyansäure N^C— OH und der unterchlorigen Säure Cl— OH, von welcher bisher kein Salz in bestimmbaren Krystallen erhalten worden ist.

Water resources are of enormous societal and ecological importance. In coastal areas, they are under ever greater pressure due to population growth, more affluent lifestyles, food production and the growing tourism industry. Changes to the coastal landscape, through urbanisation and land reclamation, and by natural processes such as climate change and sea level rise, modify the interaction between seawater and groundwater and put water resources at risk.

The Phanerozoic history of North America can be divided into three broad phases:
During the first phase, which lasted from the Late Precambrian to the Triassic, Pangea was under construction. The western continental margin was either a divergent (‘‘passive’’) margin, facing the paleo-Pacific Ocean (Panthalassa) or a backarc basin bordering that ocean, while the eastern margin, beginning in the Middle Ordovician, underwent convergent and collisional tectonism, with the generation of the Appalachian orogen.

The surface of the earth is covered by two contrasting media; land and sea. They meet at the coast. There are, of course, glaciers that span parts of both the land and sea such as in Greenland, Iceland, parts of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic, and on Antarctica. Each of these two surfaces may cover millions of square kilometers over continents and oceans or much less in the case of small oceanic islands or some lakes within continental masses. Nevertheless, a narrow coastal zone separates these two major parts of the earth’s surface.

Challenges and Methods of Groundwater Remediation in Karst    
Neven Kresic
Impact of Soil Coverings and Land Cover Types on Groundwater Recharge in Karst Aquifers of Southern Italy    
D. Cusano, D. Lepore, V. Allocca, and P. De Vita
Using Screening Numerical Models to Analyze Groundwater Systems:
The Case Study of a Major Karst Spring Supporting
a NATURA2000 Site    
Cristina Di Salvo, Claudio Alimonti, Daniel T. Feinstein,
Randall J. Hunt, Pamela Teoli, and Elisabetta Preziosi
Updating of Traditional Groundwater Budget and Recharge Assessment by Using the APLIS Method for the Karst Scirca Spring (Central Italy)    

Since Georges MiHot's initial contribution to clays and his thesis on the relationship between composition and development of sedimentary clayey rocks defended in 1949, half a century has passed by. So much has been discovered on clays during that period that it would almost be impossible either to list the work undertaken or to give a comprehensive account of the present situation in a concise presentation.