This book started with a desire to understand how to answer an apparently simple but actually complex question faced by all those responsible for the development and operation of mines: How do we determine which cut-off grade should be used to separate material that should be processed from that which should be sent to the waste dump? The answer appears straightforward: If it is profitable to process one metric ton of material, this ton should be processed. But what is profitable? The cut-off grade has a direct bearing on the tonnage of material mined, the tonnage and average grade of material processed, the size of the mining operation, and consequently capital costs, operating costs, environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Should we maximize cash flow, net present value, the life of the mining operation, the return to shareholders? How do we take into account economic, environmental, social, political, ethical and moral values, objectives, and regulations? <...>

Все, конечно, знают, какую важную роль играет наука как в обороне, так и в повседневной мирной жизни. Вся наша экономика развивается в зависимости от непрерывного технического прогресса. Достаточно привести лишь такой характерный пример: восемьдесят тысяч служащих компании «Дженерал Электрик» в настоящее время участвуют в выпуске продукции, даже не существовавшей до окончания второй мировой войны.
Хорошо известно важное значение такой науки, как медицина, ведущей нас по пути искоренения болезней и продления жизни человека.
Но, несмотря на все успехи науки, Соединенные Штаты испытывают серьезную нехватку в ученых и инженерах. Заинтересовать наукой как можно большее число молодых людей — вот наиболее актуальная проблема, которая стоит перед нами. <...>

A typical debris flow is a torrential flow of a mixture of water, mud and debris that suddenly pushes ahead with a vanguard of huge, jostling and roaring boulders. It is certainly a very fearful phenomenon that causes disasters, but it is also truly a wonder of nature exciting the curiosity of researchers as to how such a phenomenon can arise. The phenomena themselves had been recognized since ancient times in Japan and given various mnemonic names to make people aware of the dangers. Although there were several detailed witness records around in 1965 when I began working for the Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University (hereafter called DPRI), the characteristics and mechanisms of debris flows were still vague, and it was called a ‘phantasmal disaster’.

Engineering systems must be designed to withstand the actual and probable loads that may be imposed on them. Hence the wall of a dam must be of adequate strength to hold out mainly the reservoir water pressure but also to withstand other loads, such as seismic occasional shocks, thermal expansions/contractions, and many others. A tennis racket is designed to take dynamic and impact loads imposed by a fast-moving flying tennis ball. It must also be adequately designed to withstand impact loads when incidentally hitting a hard ground. An oil drilling equipment must be designed to suitably and adequately drill through different types of rock materials, but at the same time ensuring that its imposing loads would not cause rock formation integrity affecting the stability of the drilled well. <...>

Volcanoes are compelling evidence that the Earth is a dynamic planet characterized by endless change and renewal. Study of volcanoes is thus fundamental to understanding the evolution of the Earth and the surface environments. On an ever more crowded planet the exposure to natural hazards is increasing. An estimated 800 million people live within 100 km of an active volcano in 86 countries worldwide. Volcanoes provide favorable environments for life and bring many benefits to society: eruptions fertilize soils; elevated topography provides good sites for infrastructure (e.g., telecommunications on elevated ground); water resources are commonly plentiful; volcano tourism can be lucrative; and volcanoes can acquire spiritual, aesthetic, or religious significance. Some volcanoes are also associated with geothermal resources, making them a target for exploration and a potential energy resource.

1. Beyond Naпve Optimisation 
2. Integrated Mine Evaluation — Implications for Mine Management
3. Using Real Options to Incorporate Price Risk into the Valuation of a Multi-Mineral Mine
4. Roadblocks to the Evaluation of Ore Reserves — The Simulation Overpass and Putting More Geology into Numerical Models of Deposits
5. Quantification of Risk Using Simulation of the Chain of Mining — Case Study at Escondida Copper, Chile
6. Integrated Strategy Optimisation for Complex Operations
7. Simulation of Orebody Geology with Multiple-Point Geostatistics — Application at Yandi Channel Iron Ore Deposit, WA and Implications for Resource Uncertainty

All aspects of the Earth’s history and structure, including its majestic mountains, giant rift valleys, and deep ocean basins, were fashioned by mobile crustal plates.The Earth’s outer shell is made up of a dozen or o plates composed of the upper mantle, or lithosphere, and the overlying continental and oceanic crust.The plates ride on the semimolten rocks of the upper mantle and carry the continents along with them.The movement of the plates accounts for all geologic activity taking place on the planet’s surface. In this manner, plate tectonics is continously changing and rearranging the face of the Earth.

Крымское книжное издательство выпускает серию брошюр под общим девизом «Природа Крыма». Первое издание было удостоено поощрительного диплома на Всесоюзном конкурсе научнопопулярной литературы в 1965 году. Авторы книг — видныеученые и краеведы, знатоки географии, геологии, флоры и фауны Крыма. Они расскажут читателям о богатствах крымской природы, о горах и лесах нашего полуострова, о его древних вулканах, пещерах и минеральных источниках, о населяющих его полезных и вредных животных. Книги рассчитаны на учителей, студентов, школьников, на тех, кто живет в Крыму и приезжает сюда на отдых. Они учат любить и познавать родную природу, охранять ее и сознательно украшать.
Брошюру «Ландшафтные памятники» написал кандидат географических наук, доцент Крымского государственного педагогического института В. Г. Ена. Он рассказывает о красоте крымской природы, об уникальных формах рельефа, оригинальных водных, растительных и зоологических памятниках.

Steel pipes used in transporting oil and gas are either hotrolled seamless pipes or spiral or axially welded pipes, respectively. Pipes manufactured according to API Standards are used mostly by the oil- and gas-industry all over the world. On the basis of API Spec. 5L-1978 Tuhlc 6.1 - l gives the main characteristics of thc plainend pipes of 1/8"- 1 1/2" nominal diameters. The main parameters of the pipes exceeding these sizes arc given in Tuhle 6.1-2. The table was constructed on the basis of API Spec. 5L- 1978, 5LX- 1978. 5LS- 1978, and 5LU- 1972. For each OD of the pipes the following data are given: the smallest and largest mass per length of the pipes (Column 3); the wall thickness (Column 4): the corresponding smallest and largest IDS (Column 5); and, besides, Table 6.1 -2 shows that how many kinds of pipes of standard sizes manufactured according to the above specifications are available within the range of the given size limits (Columns 6-9). The tolerance of the OD depends both on the pipe-size and its mode of fabrication. The maximum admissible tolerance is 1 percent. The tolerance of the wall-thickness varies also depending on the pipe-size mode of fabrication. The maximum admissible tolerances range between +20 and - 12.5 percents. Pipe ends are bevelled to facilitate butt welding. Unless there is an agreement to the contrary the bevel angle is 30" (tolerance + 5" -Oo) as measured from a plane perpendicular to the pipe axis. The height of the unbevelled pipeface, perpendicular to the axis should be 1.59 mm with a tolerance of kO.79 mm. <...>

Rocks in natural outcrops, in samples knocked off these outcrops and in drill cores, are beautiful and instructive. We can see different minerals, and identify many of them with the aid of a hand lens. We can also see some of the more obvious structures in the rocks. However, cutting a slice (section) through a rock with a diamond-impregnated circular saw and polishing the sawn surface shows us the various minerals alongside each other, rather than piled confusingly all around each other. This reveals the structure even more clearly, as can be seen in the polished facing slabs on many buildings and bench tops.