Crystallography, an interdisciplinary subject, plays an important role in a wide range of subjects of science and technology. Its rudimentary knowledge is essential for beginners in physics, chemistry, mathematics, molecular biology, geology, metallurgy, and particularly to materials science and mineralogy. Its relationship with physics can be understood in terms of the following examples:
1. All conservation laws in physics are essentially interrelated with symmetry operations.
2. Symmetry considerations allow us to establish Pauli’s exclusion principle.
3. Periodic potential of the lattice is responsible for the creation of allowed and forbidden energy bands. Accordingly, materials can be classified as conductor, semi-conductor and insulator depending on the amount of band gap.
4. Relationships between the magnitudes of measurable parameters give rise to the tensor components of different physical properties in crystals. This list can be elaborated further. <...>

Feasibility studies are required in the pre-production stages to justify the continued investment of money. Usually a scoping study is followed by one or more prefeasibility studies which reflect the increasing level of technical and economic knowledge gained at the various earlier stages.

This book is concerned with the role of the ocean in the climate system, with a focus on physical processes relevant to scientifically describing and understanding that role. The two chapters in this Part I offer a context for the discussion extending over the nearly 30 chapters that follow. We are introduced in this Part to notions of the huge space and time scales over which ocean phenomena play a role in climate. Such phenomena extend from the millimeter and seconds relevant for irreversibly mixing heat, carbon, and other tracers, to the global scales of sea level changes, water mass variations, and air–sea interactions that comprise natural and anthropogenic climate fluctuations. We also encounter evidence seen for rather large fluctuations in the paleo record, and consider future climate scenarios suggested through computer simulations. <...>

The bright midday sun glinted off the calm waters of the Inland Sea and silhouetted the long, sinuous form of a huge mosasaur lying motionless amid the floating tangle of yellow-green seaweed. At 20 years old, more than 30 feet in length, and weighing over a ton, the adult mosasaur was almost full grown and was much larger than any of the fishes or sharks that lived in the shallow seaway.