This book describes the key elements of the subject of surface-penetrating radar, and in general terms the inter-relationship between those topics in electromagnetism, soil science, geophysics and signal processing which form a critical part of the design of a surface-penetrating-radar (SPR) system.

The job of a production facility is to separate the well stream into three components, typically called "phases" (oil, gas, and water), and process these phases into some marketable product(s) or dispose of them in an environmentally acceptable manner. In mechanical devices called "separators" gas is flashed from the liquids and "free water" is separated from the oil. These steps remove enough light hydrocarbons to produce a stable crude oil with the volatility (vapor pressure) to meet sales criteria. Figures 1-1 and 1-2 show typical separators used to separate gas from liquid or water from oil. Separators can be either horizontal or vertical in configuration <...>

More than a century has passed since Lord Rayleigh (1885) first investigated “the behaviour of waves upon the plane free surface of an infinite homogeneous isotropic elastic solid, their character being such that the disturbance is confined to a superficial region, of thickness comparable to the wave-length.” Rayleigh immediately recognized their importance stating that “it is not improbable that the surface waves here investigated play an important part in earthquakes, and in the collision of elastic bodies.” Since then, surface waves have come to play an important part in many other disciplines as well, including material science, geophysics, nondestructive testing, and engineering site characterization. When used for near-surface site characterization, the objective is usually to determine the shear wave velocity and/or shear damping ratio one-dimensional (1D) profiles for a variety of applications, including earthquake site response, dynamic soil–structure interaction, nondestructive pavement testing, evaluation of ground modification, and so on. <...>

The use of mineral resources has been fundamental to human activity: from housing to household goods, from industrial equipment to energy, and from high technology to space exploration, mining has provided the basics of life to the human race. The mining industry produces energy, metals, and minerals that are essential to economic prosperity and a better quality of life. As important as these benefits are, mining activity produces social and environmental impacts on communities, and requires a more responsible mining practice—it requires sustainable mine management.