Microscopic observation and identification of minerals in thin section is the most essential part of a geological study. All the students and  searchers working with rocks or sediments (petrologists, tural geologists, engineering geologist, hydrologist etc.) need to structural its mineral composition and fabric. However, many professional ists and students try to avoid thin section study. This is because geologist and students try to avoid thin section is time consuming and they do not know the preparation microscopic procedures. Many graduate students faced apporpriate section spend considerable time wondering where to start <...>

Subduction zones are where sediments, oceanic crust, and mantle lithosphere return to and reequilibrate with Earth’s mantle. Subduction zones are interior expressions of Earth’s 55,000 km of convergent plate margins and are the geodynamic system that builds island arcs. Excess density of the mantle lithosphere in subduction zones provides most of the power needed to move the plates while inducing convection in the overriding mantle wedge. Asthenospheric mantle sucked toward the trench by the sinking slab interacts with water and incompatible elements rising from the sinking plate, and this interaction causes the mantle to melt.

Geologists have always known the importance of investigating the world's vast submerged territory, but until the 1940s it remained virtually a terra incognito. Finally, the world's worst war, along with all its horror, had among a few redeeming features the persuasion of naval scientists and their civilian advisors that naval operations needed a background knowledge of the ocean and its floor.

Subsurface Hydrology was written as a textbook for use in teaching subsurface hydrology at the advanced undergraduate to graduate level. It has been classroom tested for many years and benefits from comments provided by students over this period. A review of the table of contents will reveal that the book addresses subsurface hydrology from many perspectives and at different levels of mathematical sophistication.