The hyperspectral remote sensing technology has been available to the research community for more than three decades. Since in its first steps the hyperspectral technology was also promoted as a tool for mineral exploration. Numerous mineral exploration applications of hyperspectral remote sensing have been reported. This paper provides an up-to-date and focused review of the applications of the hyperspectral remote sensing to mineral exploration. The ore deposits are grouped based on major processes of formation (magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, supergene).

Felsic rocks of the Rooiberg Group, which constitutes the roof of the Bushveld Complex., host the discordant volcanic pipe and associated surrounding pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks, called the Vergenoeg suite. The volcanic pipe is situated at the crossing of strong aerial photo and magnetic lineaments, about in the centre of the four lobes of the Bushveld Complex in the Republic of South Africa.

The Vergenoeg suite constitutes of an uppermost stratiform sedimentary unit, followed by fragmental conformably stratified hematite and hematite-fluorite units. This is followed by a breccia agglomerate and then a basal unit of ignimbrites. A discordant volcanic pipe completes the suite. The Vergenoeg volcanic pipe has a vertical funnel-like shape. At the surface this is about 900 m in diameter, tapering sharply in depth to where it is still open-ended at more than 650 m. Horizontal zoning exists in the pipe, with a hematite-fluorite or gossan cap at surface, followed by a deeper zone of unoxidised magnetite-fluorite, then a magnetite-fayalite transition zone and finally a fayalite zone at the deepest levels. Fluorite, siderite and pyrite veins, dykes and lenses are present throughout all the zones. Contacts between zones are gradual but are sharp with the felsic host rock. Felsite breccias, cemented by fluorite, siderite and pyrite are found at depths.

Punjab, Pakistan, January 1991. I am excited beyond belief! The National Geographic Society is giving me money to collect fossils in Pakistan: my very own field project, the first time ever. For years, it has been great to collect fossils in exotic places—Wyoming, Sardinia, and Colombia. But this is different. Now I can run my own program, decide where to collect, and study what is found. It’s exciting but also daunting. My friend Andres Aslan will come with me. We’re perfect complements: he loves geology and I love fossils. We’re both just out of school, freshly minted PhDs, and together we’re ready and able to set the world on fire, or at least vacuum up any fossil between Attock and Islamabad. <...>

Gale is pleased to present the third edition of Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia. This is the first new edition of Geo-Data since 1989, and it represents a complete revision and updating of that work. The purpose of the book remains unchanged: to provide the reader with the most detailed and comprehensive descriptions available for the physical geography of countries.Geo-Datays focus and design is unique. Many encyclopedias, atlases, and other books provide some information on geography, but it is usually secondary to history, current events, or other topics. In these sorts of references physical geography receives a few paragraphs of coverage per country at best, compared to pages in Geo-Data. Among the few books that can rival Geo-Data coverage, none can match its ease of use. There is no need to hunt from one end of a dictionary or gazetteer to another, searching for details on a country's many different features. In Geo-Data everything is presented in one place. Each of Geo-Datays entries gives the reader a complete portrait of a country’s mountains, fields, forests, deserts, rivers, seas, wetlands, and other features, with additional information on population distribution and natural resources. Key facts and statistics are highlighted at the beginning of each entry. In addition to the country entries, Geo-Data features a World Rankings Appendix, listing the world's tallest mountains, longest rivers, deepest oceans, largest lakes, most populous countries, and other outstanding features.