The constantly changing landscape of Geographic Information Systems makes it challenging for experts and practitioners to stay informed of the field’s most up-to-date research. That is why Information Science Reference is pleased to offer this three-volume reference collection that will empower students, researchers, and academicians with a strong understanding of critical issues within Geographic Information Systems by providing both broad and detailed perspectives on cutting-edge theories and developments. This reference is designed to act as a single reference source on conceptual, methodological, technical, and managerial issues, as well as provide insight into emerging trends and future opportunities within the discipline.

Continuous Perspective Query Processing for 3-D Objects on Road Networks    
Joon-Seok Kim, Kyoung-Sook Kim, and Ki-Joune Li
A GIS Based Approach to Predicting Road Surface Temperatures    
Richard Fry, Lionel Slade, George Taylor, and Ian Davy
Thematic Clustering of Geographic Resource Metadata Collections    
Javier Lacasta, Javier Nogueras-Iso,
Pedro Rafael Muro-Medrano, and Francisco Javier Zarazaga-Soria The Need for Web Legend Services    
Benedicte Bucher, Elodie Buard, Laurence Jolivet, and Anne Ruas

A minority of geologists and other geoscientists have been using computers for manipulation of spatial data since the 1960s. During the 1980s, advances in computer hardware, particularly processing speed and data storage, catalyzed the development of software for handling spatial data. The emerging capabilities for graphical display played an important role in this development. One of the significant products of this period of rapid technological change was GIS. The impact of GIS has been widely felt in all fields that use geographic information, in resource management, land-use planning, transportation, marketing, and in many applications in the geosciences and elsewhere. The majority of large geological organizations are now using GIS, and the handling of spatial data of all types by computer is widespread.This chapter introduces GIS by describing what GIS means, the purposes and functions of GIS, how GIS relates to other kinds of software for spatial data handling, and presents a typical geological application. <...>

Актуальность темы исследования Арктической территориальной активности (АТА) обусловлена не только её стратегической важностью для обеспечения национальной безопасности Российской Федерации, но и её ключевой ролью в контексте глобальных геополитических, экономических и экологических вызовов. Арктическая зона России представляет собой уникальный регион, который характеризуется значительными запасами природных ресурсов, что в условиях растущего мирового спроса на энергоресурсы и усиления конкуренции за контроль над арктическими территориями придает особую значимость проблемам территориального управления.

В современных условиях экономического развития страны важным фактором является привлечение инвестиций в различные секторы экономики. Одним из таких секторов является земельный рынок, который представляет собой значительный потенциал для инвестирования.

Modelling and prediction of spatially distributed data such as the secondary cassiterite mineral distributions are often affected by spatial autocorrelation (SAC); a phenomenon that violates attributes data independence in space, which leads to type1 errors in classical statistics and overfitting or underfitting in machine learning (ML) classification respectively. The concept of overfitting and underfitting of spatially distributed datasets in an ML classification has not been properly addressed by the traditional random holdout technique of model validation, and this is a challenge to the assessment of predictive spatial model performance in spatially distributed datasets.

About 2,200 years ago a scholarly librarian in charge of the prestigious collections of the museum at Alexandria conducted an elegant exercise in logic and experimentation. Using seemingly unrelated bits of information such as the observation of the penetration of sunlight into a well in the city of Syene, the speed of a camel caravan, and the shadow cast by an obelisk in Alexandria, Eratosthenes calculated a remarkably accurate estimate of the circumference of the earth (Wilford 1981).

The integration of geology with data science disciplines, such as spatial statistics, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS), has given rise to a shift in many natural sciences schools, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and enabling new discoveries in geological processes and earth systems.

When computers were frst invented in the middle of the last century, nobody ever anticipated that the instruction sets to program them would ultimately evolve to the point where many of them could be accessed freely, without charge, in ways that would become widely available to nonexpert communities. Nor did we ever consider that computers would penetrate every corner of social life, revolutionizing our social behavior, our science, and our politics.

What is cartography today? When I look back on the first and second editions of this book, it’s almost like seeing cartography as it progressed since 2009 and it now looks almost nothing like it did then. The expansion of what’s possible has been incredible. Massive technological change, accompanied by free, open, highly detailed, and reliable datasets, along with a surge of interest in the field from all corners, combined to make what was once impossible cartographically, possible.