The energy of a molecule consists partly of translational energy, partly of rotational energy, partly of vibrational energy, and partly of electronic energy. For a first approximation these energy contributions can be considered separately. Electronic energy transitions normally give rise to absorption or emission in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Pure rotation gives rise to absorption in the microwave region or the far infrared. Molecular vibrations give rise to absorption bands throughout most of the infrared region of the spectrum. In this book we shall mainly be concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecular vibrations and rotations.  <...>

Transportation and handling of molten sulfur is inevitably challenging due to the anomalous rheological behaviour of sulfur with changing temperature. After melting at 115 °C, sulfur’s viscosity remains close to 10 cP. The onset of the λ-transition region is observed at T ≈ 160 °C. The viscosity drastically rises in this region, increasing to a maximum of about 93000 cP at 187 °C.

1    Discontinuity controlled slope failure zoning for a granitoid complex: A fuzzy approach
Z. GUROCAK, S. ALEMDAG, H.T. BOSTANCI & C. GOKCEOGLU
2    Risk management of rock slopes in a dense urban setting
K.K.S. HO, D.O.K. LO & R.W.H. LEE
Tunnels and Caverns
3    Tunnels in the Himalaya
R.    K. GOEL & B. SINGH
4    Tunnels and tunneling in Turkey
N. BILGIN & C. BALCI
5    Tunnels in Korea
S.    JEON, Y.H. SUH, S.P. LEE, S.B. LEE & K. SUH

Molecular dynamics is recognized as a powerful method in modern computational physics. This method is essentially based on a factual observation: the apparent strong complexity and extreme variety of natural phenomena are not due to the intrinsic complexity of the physical laws but due to the very large number of basic elements in interaction through, in fact, simple laws. This is particularly true for granular materials in which a single intergranular friction coefficient between rigid grains is enough to simulate, at a macroscopic scale, the very intricate behavior of sand with a Mohr–Coulomb plasticity criterion, a dilatant behavior under shearing, non-associate plastic strains, etc. and, in fine, an incrementally nonlinear constitutive relation. Passing in a natural way from the grain scale to the sample scale, the discrete element method (DEM) is able to precisely bridge the gap between micro and macro-scales in a very realistic way, as it is today verified in many mechanics labs. <...>

Available knowledge concerning the origin and geologic structure of Mexico is still incomplete. Each day scientific discoveries, advances in mapping, and new techniques of exploration offer more information toward the development of our understanding. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to achieve a complete description of the geologic character of the territory of the nation, as well as to work out functional models to explain the origin of its geologic structure. Along with the development of geologic studies that science has made in Mexico, there have been a few attempts to formulate general works covering the many aspects of geology that the country presents. Nevertheless, one must recognize that the lack of information about certain periods in the geological history of the national territory, and the numerous unexplored areas, have constituted some principal obstacles toward achieving a finished work of this type <...>

Primitive Asteroids and Meteorites was born as a collaboration among members of NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) Formulation Assessment and Support Team (FAST). As such, we own a great debt of gratitude to Daniel D. Mazanek and David M. Reeves at NASA’s Langley Research Center, to Paul A. Abell at the Johnson Space Center, to Michele Gates at NASA Headquarters, and to countless others who worked in developing this mission. In many ways, ARM allowed for asteroid exploration and mining to move into the tangible realm. ARM brought together a diverse and very passionate group of scientists and engineers who have made the study of meteorites, asteroids, and how to get us there into their lives’ work.

Slope profile analysis: the system of best units by A. young Hillslope process-response models based on the continuity equation by
M. J.KIRKBY
An application of the concept of threshold slopes to the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming by m. a. carson
State, environment and attribute in scree-slope studies by j. в. thornes
Micro-erosion processes and factors affecting slope development in the Lower Swansea Valley by e.m. bridges and d.m. harding
Slope form and geomorphological process: an Australian example by
R.R. ARNETT
The role of snow avalanches in the evolution of alpine talus slopes by B.H.LUCKMAN
Landsliding on the Jurassic escarpment near Rockingham, Northamptonshire by R.J. CHANDLER
Some examples of mudflow and rockfall activity in north-east Ireland by
D.B. PRIOR, N. STEPHENS and G.R. DOUGLAS
Relationships between slope form and soil properties developed over Chalk parent materials by p.a.furley
The relationship between soil patterns and slope form in the Ettrick Association, south-east Scotland by w. a. d. Whitfield and
P. A. FURLEY
The British Geomorphological Research Group The Institute of British Geographers Publications in print

Underground coal mining disturbs not only the overburden strata, but also the immediate floor strata. The former is much more significant because it involves strata from the seam level all the way to the surface, where structures and water resources important to human activities are located. The issues associated with the movement of overburden strata due to underground coal mining together comprise the subject of surface subsidence.